<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443</id><updated>2012-02-16T13:10:11.223-08:00</updated><title type='text'>United States of Earth</title><subtitle type='html'>My daytime dream,   

     If there is only one country,  
     If there is only one language,
     If there is only one religion,
     And if there is only one ...

stops at 12am.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>1294</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-333743518708084864</id><published>2011-10-26T21:05:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-26T21:06:14.231-07:00</updated><title type='text'>标  题: 卓越的代价是什么？</title><content type='html'>发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Oct 26 12:38:37 2011, 美东)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我两天把这本《虎妈的赞歌》读完了，读完了后很感动。其实这本书和我想象的很不一&lt;br /&gt;样，笔触幽默却又有很多让人心酸之处。我很感谢蔡美儿把她的挣扎都写出来。因为做&lt;br /&gt;父母，尤其是认真负责的中国父母的确是件很不容易的事儿。做虎子难，做虎妈更难。&lt;br /&gt;她自己费钱，费时，费力地为孩子争取最好的，结果换来的是孩子对自己的恨和不理解&lt;br /&gt;。当她最后没有办法同意Lulu放弃学小提琴时，我可以感受到她的心在流血。自己的孩&lt;br /&gt;子明明是极有天赋的，却因为她的强压政策引起极大的反弹，最后孩子的天赋被‘浪费&lt;br /&gt;’。可以让她欣慰的是她的孩子还是很优秀的。而且到了最后，她的孩子还是感激她给&lt;br /&gt;她们的不断激励并帮她们尝到了成功的喜悦并建立了自信。她最后也了解到对每个孩子&lt;br /&gt;的教育方法应该不同，鼓励督促的方法也不一样。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;看完书后，我觉得最大的问题是“争取卓越要付出怎样的代价？”如果不推孩子的话，&lt;br /&gt;可能孩子永远只能止步于平庸。到底是平庸而快乐好呢还是勤奋而卓越更好呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我自己也没想明白。我们第一代移民为了来美国付出了极大的代价，但是我们的孩子没&lt;br /&gt;有这样的体会，他们也不了解为什么他们的朋友天天就可以玩，他们父母却要让他们学&lt;br /&gt;这学那，多做额外的功课。孩子小的时候，父母的高压政策可能还可以奏效，等孩子青&lt;br /&gt;春期一到，父母是斗不过strong willed的孩子的。最后大人，孩子都痛苦得不行。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;如果孩子的优秀是用他们心灵的健康来换取的，这值得吗？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;如果孩子‘少壮不努力’，他们‘长大徒悲伤’时，我们家长是不是也要负责任呢？&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;生活真是一个时时需要不断平衡的功课呀。。。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-333743518708084864?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/333743518708084864/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=333743518708084864' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/333743518708084864'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/333743518708084864'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/10/blog-post_26.html' title='标  题: 卓越的代价是什么？'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-6771986770738621005</id><published>2011-10-20T17:17:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-20T17:17:39.144-07:00</updated><title type='text'>标  题: 话糙理不糙</title><content type='html'>missbear&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;进入未名形象秀&lt;br /&gt; 我的博客&lt;br /&gt;[回复] [回信给作者] [本篇全文] [本讨论区] [修改] [删除] [转寄] [转贴] [收藏] [举报]  &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;0&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;0&lt;br /&gt;[ 1 ]&lt;br /&gt;发信人: missbear (飘逸活神仙), 信区: Tennis&lt;br /&gt;标  题: 话糙理不糙&lt;br /&gt;发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Oct 20 15:35:02 2011, 美东)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;很偶然的机会看到 www.revolutionarytennis.com 。里面内容很多。看得觉得挺有启&lt;br /&gt;发。自我感觉估计能和费德勒打得差不多了。赶紧实践检验一下。跑到俱乐部打发球机&lt;br /&gt;，非常得意地体验着世界级的风采。不过，好像回球质量不是很高啊。真奇怪。算是前&lt;br /&gt;进路上的小小阻碍吧。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我打的时候，有个中年男子在场外目不转睛地看着我。等我推小车收球的时候，和他聊&lt;br /&gt;了起来。那男人原来是网球教练，带女儿来俱乐部打比赛。他看我像是脸皮比较厚的那&lt;br /&gt;种人，在实在憋不住的情况下说，这位朋友，你的正反手完全是用胳膊打啊。接着他非&lt;br /&gt;常客气地给我指出了几处不对的地方。其实我以前很注意那些，大部分时间还能做到。&lt;br /&gt;今天想学高级技术，结果基础技术都不对了。我说呢，个别回球都飞到夏威夷去了。千&lt;br /&gt;恩万谢送走了教练，我接着练。从最基础的技术练起，终于又恢复了一点点。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;吃点东西接着是俱乐部的clinic。教练完全是鼓励式教学。我打的臭不可闻的球绝不吭&lt;br /&gt;声，就好像没有发生。偶尔打个好球，又是叫好又是鼓掌，整的我跟摇滚明星似得。感&lt;br /&gt;觉是挺好，不过我自己明镜一般，自己还是臭球一个。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;从俱乐部回来一拐弯进了家旁边的公园。计划做做肌肉放松，扭扭小腰小腿。省得第二&lt;br /&gt;天爬起来腰酸腿痛。放松了一会儿，看别人打球，自己又馋了。从车里拿出球，准备练&lt;br /&gt;练发球。赶巧了，大约一个月前我厚着脸皮蹭着打过一会儿球的一个教练也在。我就又&lt;br /&gt;和他敲上了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;这位二十多岁的小伙也是热心人，又来给我免费指导了。他指出，我的底线击球屈膝不&lt;br /&gt;够。我脑海里面立刻闪现出Nick Bollettieri讲的法拉利赛车理论。眼前出现了极品飞&lt;br /&gt;车游戏的画面。那位说，打网球呢，你怎么走神想游戏啊。没办法啊，我又没开过真法&lt;br /&gt;拉利。唯一开过的就是游戏里面的法拉利啊。不过小伙提出的例子是骑马。啊，骑马好&lt;br /&gt;。我还是骑过马滴！脑海中游浮现了纵马越小溪的刺激场面。那位又说了，人家是让你&lt;br /&gt;想着蹲马步，你咋又玩小马过河去了？还是没办法啊，我一共就骑过几个小时，人家有&lt;br /&gt;点珍贵回忆都不允许吗？讨厌！不过，小伙眼珠一转，一脸坏笑的说，那是别的教练说&lt;br /&gt;骑马，我自己一般都拿拉屎来比喻。叮！！！！这可是我熟悉到不能再熟悉的动作了。&lt;br /&gt;他这一句话就让我蹲下去了。重心也低了，平衡也稳了，击球也扎实了。可真是话糙理&lt;br /&gt;不糙啊。后面练习，我个别时候又站起来了，教练一喊，get down。我立刻就蹲下去了&lt;br /&gt;，如果拉屎的时候站起来,那后果非常严重！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;后来教volley。教练又来高级理论了。他说这球拍是武器，咱得把它举到面前。拍子不&lt;br /&gt;是那啥，如果垂到胯下，威猛是威猛，球就打不着了。不能再说了，再说就被版主封了。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-6771986770738621005?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/6771986770738621005/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=6771986770738621005' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/6771986770738621005'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/6771986770738621005'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/10/blog-post.html' title='标  题: 话糙理不糙'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-1023371503180851656</id><published>2011-10-20T17:14:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-20T17:14:15.171-07:00</updated><title type='text'>标  题: 挖个坑，说说菜鸟成长路上遇到的几种“ws“球路</title><content type='html'>发信人: zhanglaosan (张老三), 信区: Tennis&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Tue Oct 18 13:49:20 2011, 美东)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;话说，菜鸟，有了一定的技术以后都喜欢双方站底线看谁抽得更猛&lt;br /&gt;如果有一方不这么抽，年轻气盛的小伙子就容易气恼觉得”不给力“”ws“&lt;br /&gt;逐渐球友增多了后，这种球路越见越多，理解了要想进阶，这些球路都得学会应付。列&lt;br /&gt;列现在遇到的这些球路&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.削球&lt;br /&gt;第一次遇到削球手真是痛不欲生啊，公园里一老头，球球削回来，打惯直击，上旋的我&lt;br /&gt;，几乎接不住，接住的想抽回去几乎比下网&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.放小球&lt;br /&gt;你这人咋这么不道德呢，老子在底线你丫网前一小球，小人！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.volley&lt;br /&gt;网球这么绅士的运动，你丫不好好在底线打上啥的网啊，你丫上网轻轻一拨，老子就是&lt;br /&gt;坐上火箭也追不上了&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.月亮球&lt;br /&gt;这球刚遇到可真是恐怖，炮弹一样高空落下直接弹起过人，小人！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;总之来，比赛中可不是你咋舒服咋给你来的，咋舒服咋给你来这不是比赛，这是过家家&lt;br /&gt;3.0底线选手说真的反而不是最可怕的，底线型选手力大，比较球路没变化，接球也能&lt;br /&gt;借力。winner不少，ok，给你，只要你不是球球winner，UE大于winner就不怕，你要&lt;br /&gt;winner大于ue你就不是3.0了...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-1023371503180851656?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/1023371503180851656/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=1023371503180851656' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/1023371503180851656'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/1023371503180851656'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/10/ws.html' title='标  题: 挖个坑，说说菜鸟成长路上遇到的几种“ws“球路'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-8397576652523248380</id><published>2011-10-20T17:07:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-20T17:07:21.879-07:00</updated><title type='text'>渔夫的内心世界 （ZZ+编辑）</title><content type='html'>发信人: WillyBass (WillyBass), 信区: Fishing&lt;br /&gt;标  题: 渔夫的内心世界 （ZZ+编辑）&lt;br /&gt;发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Oct 19 09:54:16 2011, 美东)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;渔夫的内心世界&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;我的网友烟波写的，略做剪辑。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1).假饵钓鱼: 一个处心积虑的流氓在尼龙线的一端等着另一端的蠢货.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2).小湖里游满了各种鱼类,烟波来了,见到的只是盘中按档次派列的美味鱼鲜.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3).年过不惑,一无产业.只要湖边一钓,上可比姜尚,下可比严子陵,何悲之有?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4),身体不强壮,工作时多干了一会就想歇息.钓鱼时则撒泡尿都觉得浪废时间.如果两者&lt;br /&gt;倒一下的话,这辈子不是老总就是教授.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5).黄昏将近,一无所或,争分夺秒.临走之前,每一竿甩出的不是鱼饵,而是输光了的赌徒&lt;br /&gt;的色子.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6).一半是因生性,一半是因经济条件,我的日常开销省了又省.但买渔具却不吝啬.钓鱼&lt;br /&gt;的十八般兵器已经基本齐全(档次尚有问题).一看到某某人的神奇假饵,立马想买来东施&lt;br /&gt;效颦.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7). (少儿不宜). 据说赌博,吸毒和行周公之礼时在大脑内部的作用区域和机理相似.鄙&lt;br /&gt;人以为大鱼上钩时,从Set Hook到拎于手上之过程中之快感也别无二致.当然,大鱼在最&lt;br /&gt;后一刻,在离你几尺处跑掉时,你的懊悔与痛苦也不足为外人道. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;WillyBass附加8，9，10：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8）钓鱼前夜没房事，激情魂魄已被鱼儿勾去了。热血上冲大头不理小头。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9）平时闹钟响了会按Snooze1，2次，明早要去钓鱼，一夜会自然醒2，3次，每次比闹&lt;br /&gt;钟醒的早。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10）好的钓点就像初恋情人，即使远离，这辈子也忘不了。&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-8397576652523248380?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/8397576652523248380/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=8397576652523248380' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/8397576652523248380'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/8397576652523248380'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/10/zz.html' title='渔夫的内心世界 （ZZ+编辑）'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-5854379828228696855</id><published>2011-10-16T11:52:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-16T12:18:03.410-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Weekend reading: A Random Walk Down Wall Street</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;Random walk: short-run changes in stock prices cannot be predicted.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;Some things in life can never fully be appreciated or understood by a virgin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A successful investor is generally a well-rounded individual (non-virgin for sure) who puts a natural curiosity and an intellectual interest to work to earn more money. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The firm-foundation theory: the intrinsic value. Beat the gun: better prediction or better bet?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The castle-in-the-air theory: the psychic values. Beat the gun: prediction public illusion and buy (bet) before the crowd?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;... the optimal strategy is .. to predict what the average opinion is likely to be about what the average opinion will be, ... (recursive till infinity...)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;b&gt;This kind of investment, in other words, holds itself by its own bootstraps. The base theory is: there is  a sucker born every minute and he exists to buy your investments at a higher price than you paid for them --&amp;gt; greater-fool theory.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(Remember the similar statement in one of the poker books by Daniel?)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Weak form of the random-walk or efficient-market theory: technical analysis (looking at past stock price) could not help investors;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Strong form of the random-walk or efficient-market theory: fundamental analysis is not help either. The market is so efficient -- price move so quickly when new information does arise -- that no one can consistently buy or sell quickly enough to benefit.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The middle of the road: a personal viewpoint.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Res tantum valet quantum vendi potest.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Those who believe that we are too smart to keep repeating the same mistakes will be interested to read of the 1980s versions of  a new-issue craze and a boom in concept stocks in fields running the gamut from high-technology genetic engineering to carpet cleaning. The incredible boom in Japanese land and stock prices and the equally spectancular crash of those prices in the early 1990s provide additional warnings that we are not immune from the errors of the past. And what will happen in China in the near future?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-5854379828228696855?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/5854379828228696855/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=5854379828228696855' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/5854379828228696855'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/5854379828228696855'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/10/weekend-reading-random-walk-down-wall.html' title='Weekend reading: A Random Walk Down Wall Street'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-4141594430011578069</id><published>2011-09-11T22:55:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-11T22:56:13.385-07:00</updated><title type='text'>无论在美国还是中国，科普都是很扯淡的事情</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; "&gt;发信人: swordsman (笑傲江湖), 信区: WaterWorld&lt;br /&gt;标  题: 无论在美国还是中国，科普都是很扯淡的事情。&lt;br /&gt;发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Sun Sep 11 17:46:26 2011, 美东)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;看到saob的中西医的坑，那个也太老生常谈了，一点新意都没有。所以俺来挖一个有新&lt;br /&gt;意的坑。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;中西医之辩之所以这么激烈又没有结果，其实从根本上讲是由于一小部分接受科学训练&lt;br /&gt;的人同广大人民群众在对科学的理解上有巨大的偏差造成的。而且不论是在美国还是在&lt;br /&gt;中国，在一般老百姓中还是在专业工作者中，这个偏差都是巨大的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;就比如国内的西医医生，其实那些医生（包括还做点科研的）绝大部分都没有经过科学&lt;br /&gt;训练，不知道啥是科学。在美国的医生群体里也是一样，只是相对中国，懂科学的美国&lt;br /&gt;医生占的比例多一些罢了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;那么什么是科学呢？方舟子的那篇被认为是抄袭的《科学是什么》写的很好，不过，那&lt;br /&gt;不是给老百姓看的，太多名词术语了，老百姓看不懂的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;其实最好的关于科学概念的科普文章是我们小时候语文课学的那个伽利略比萨斜塔扔球&lt;br /&gt;的课文。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;故事大家都熟悉：亚里士多德说：重的物体比轻的物体下落速度快。伽利略发现这个论&lt;br /&gt;述自相矛盾，如果把一个重的物体和一个轻的物体绑一起，那按照亚里士多德的理论，&lt;br /&gt;如果把两个绑在一起的物体分别对待，那么轻的物体会拖累重的物体，两者的平均下落&lt;br /&gt;速度会小于重物本身的下落速度；但如果把两个绑在一起的物体看做一个更重的物体，&lt;br /&gt;那么他们的下落速度应该比单独的重物下落速度快。所以，到底是更快还是更慢？伽利&lt;br /&gt;略做了个实验，证明轻重物体下落速度一样快.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;其实这个课文很好的说明了科学方法（scientific method)的两个基本要素：逻辑、实&lt;br /&gt;证。前面伽利略根据亚里士多德的论述推出自相矛盾的结论的过程是逻辑的部分。而后&lt;br /&gt;来的扔球实验部分是实证的部分。这个两者对科学方法来说至关重要。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;而科学这个东西则是通过科学方法(scientific method)建立的系统的知识体系。其实&lt;br /&gt;对于理解什么是科学来说，理解科学方法所包含的逻辑和实证思维方式才是最关键的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;而逻辑和实证的思维方式其实对于未经过科学训练的人来说，是一种非常拧巴的思维方&lt;br /&gt;式。家里有娃的大叔、大妈如果注意观察娃们小时候的行为就会发现，其实娃们刚开始&lt;br /&gt;会爬，开始探索世界的时候，他们的行为同小动物是非常相似的（远不如成年的灵长类&lt;br /&gt;动物）。娃拿到了一个新东西，开始就是摇晃那个东西，然后就是敲敲打打，这个跟动&lt;br /&gt;物园的动物发现游客扔进去的东西时的反应是一样的。等娃再稍微长大一点，他们还会&lt;br /&gt;趴在床上把东西往下扔，然后看东西是怎么落下去的。亚里士多德估计就是小时候在床&lt;br /&gt;上扔了很多树叶、石子等等东西，然后得出结论说重的物体比轻的物体下落速度快....&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;其实娃的这种观察世界的方法就是我们所有人从小长到大，能在这个世界上生存下来（&lt;br /&gt;没有从高处掉下去摔死，能知道那个东西能吃而没饿死，能避开地上的钉子而没被扎死&lt;br /&gt;）而逐渐掌握的一种观察认知世界的方法。我们看到各种现象，然后对这些现象进行归&lt;br /&gt;纳、总结然后得到一种知识。这些知识随着我们长大不断积累，为我们活在这个世界上&lt;br /&gt;起了重大贡献。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;整个人类历史上，在科学方法出现之前的几万年里，人类就是这样认识世界的。直到三&lt;br /&gt;四百年前，人类逐渐发现以前的主观经验法（观察、归纳、总结）所建立的知识很多时&lt;br /&gt;候其实是错误的（比如亚里士多德的错误）。而通过科学方法（scientific method)获&lt;br /&gt;得的知识比主观经验法获得的知识更贴近现象背后的本质（“真理”）。一个经典的例&lt;br /&gt;子：地球居然是圆的！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;科学方法是对我们成长过程中认识世界的方法的一种颠覆，它告诉我们经验不可信、眼&lt;br /&gt;见不一定为实。但是对于未接受科学训练的人来说，接受并保持这样的思维方式是很吃&lt;br /&gt;力的，这个需要接受者具备一定的知识水平和理解能力。而要具备这样的知识水平和理&lt;br /&gt;解能力，无论在中国还是在美国都是需要专门的训练和付出很大的精力的，这个很难在&lt;br /&gt;广大人群中普遍实现。&lt;br /&gt;所以，科普只能普及一些科学知识和结论，而科学精神要想在公众中普及是个很不靠谱&lt;br /&gt;的事情。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;至于中西医之争，让时间说话好了，随着社会富裕程度的提高和科学技术的进步，中医&lt;br /&gt;必然会因为无病可医而推出历史舞台。广大人民群众接受科学精神很困难，可是接受科&lt;br /&gt;学知识的结论却很容易，西医的迅速发展自然会让人们放弃中医，现在连宫颈癌都能打&lt;br /&gt;疫苗预防了…..&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-4141594430011578069?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/4141594430011578069/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=4141594430011578069' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/4141594430011578069'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/4141594430011578069'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/09/blog-post.html' title='无论在美国还是中国，科普都是很扯淡的事情'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-155427512674502587</id><published>2011-08-23T14:04:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-23T14:37:05.308-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Do You Suffer From Decision Fatigue?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/21/magazine/do-you-suffer-from-decision-fatigue.html?_r=4&amp;amp;pagewanted=all"&gt;John Tierney (tierneylab@nytimes.com) is a science columnist for The Times. His essay is adapted from a book he wrote with Roy F. Baumeister, “Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength,” which comes out next month.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;Decision fatigue helps explain why ordinarily sensible people get angry at colleagues and families, splurge on clothes, buy junk food at the supermarket and can’t resist the dealer’s offer to rustproof their new car. No matter how rational and high-minded you try to be, you can’t make decision after decision without paying a biological price. It’s different from ordinary physical fatigue — you’re not consciously aware of being tired — but you’re low on mental energy. The more choices you make throughout the day, the harder each one becomes for your brain, and eventually it looks for shortcuts, usually in either of two very different ways. One shortcut is to become reckless: to act impulsively instead of expending the energy to first think through the consequences. (Sure, tweet that photo! What could go wrong?) The other shortcut is the ultimate energy saver: do nothing. Instead of agonizing over decisions, avoid any choice. Ducking a decision often creates bigger problems in the long run, but for the moment, it eases the mental strain. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Decision fatigue&lt;/strong&gt; is the newest discovery involving a phenomenon called ego depletion, a term coined by the &lt;a href="http://www.psy.fsu.edu/faculty/baumeister.dp.html" style="color: rgb(0, 66, 118); "&gt;social psychologist Roy F. Baumeister&lt;/a&gt; in homage to a Freudian hypothesis. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; "&gt;These experiments demonstrated that there is a finite store of mental energy for exerting self-control. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Any decision&lt;/strong&gt;, whether it’s what pants to buy or whether to start a war, can be broken down into what psychologists call the Rubicon model of action phases, in honor of the river that separated Italy from the Roman province of Gaul. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;Once you’re mentally depleted, you become reluctant to make trade-offs, which involve a particularly advanced and taxing form of decision making. In the rest of the animal kingdom, there aren’t a lot of protracted negotiations between predators and prey. To compromise is a complex human ability and therefore one of the first to decline when willpower is depleted. You become what researchers call a cognitive miser, hoarding your energy. If you’re shopping, you’re liable to look at only one dimension, like price: just give me the cheapest. Or you indulge yourself by looking at quality: I want the very best (an especially easy strategy if someone else is paying). Decision fatigue leaves you vulnerable to marketers who know how to time their sales, as Jonathan Levav, the Stanford professor, demonstrated in experiments involving tailored suits and new cars.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;Spears and other researchers argue that this sort of decision fatigue is a major — and hitherto ignored — factor in trapping people in poverty. Because their financial situation forces them to make so many trade-offs, they have less willpower to devote to school, work and other activities that might get them into the middle class. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;Study after study has shown that low self-control correlates with low income as well as with a host of other problems, including poor achievement in school, divorce, crime, alcoholism and poor health.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;In one study, he found that when the poor and the rich go shopping, the poor are much more likely to eat during the shopping trip. This might seem like confirmation of their weak character — after all, they could presumably save money and improve their nutrition by eating meals at home instead of buying ready-to-eat snacks like Cinnabons, which contribute to the higher rate of obesity among the poor. But if a trip to the supermarket induces more decision fatigue in the poor than in the rich — because each purchase requires more mental trade-offs — by the time they reach the cash register, they’ll have less willpower left to resist the Mars bars and Skittles. Not for nothing are these items called impulse purchases. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;And this isn’t the only reason that sweet snacks are featured prominently at the cash register, just when shoppers are depleted after all their decisions in the aisles. With their willpower reduced, they’re more likely to yield to any kind of temptation, but they’re especially vulnerable to candy and soda and anything else offering a quick hit of sugar. While supermarkets figured this out a long time ago, only recently did researchers discover why.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The discovery was an accident&lt;/strong&gt; resulting from a failed experiment at Baumeister’s lab. The researchers set out to test something called the Mardi Gras theory — the notion that you could build up willpower by first indulging yourself in pleasure, the way Mardi Gras feasters do just before the rigors of Lent. In place of a Fat Tuesday breakfast, the chefs in the lab at Florida State whipped up lusciously thick milkshakes for a group of subjects who were resting in between two laboratory tasks requiring willpower. Sure enough, the delicious shakes seemed to strengthen willpower by helping people perform better than expected on the next task. So far, so good. But the experiment also included a control group of people who were fed a tasteless concoction of low-fat dairy glop. It provided them with no pleasure, yet it produced similar improvements in self-control. The Mardi Gras theory looked wrong. Besides tragically removing an excuse for romping down the streets of New Orleans, the result was embarrassing for the researchers. Matthew Gailliot, the graduate student who ran the study, stood looking down at his shoes as he told Baumeister about the fiasco.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;Baumeister tried to be optimistic. Maybe the study wasn’t a failure. Something had happened, after all. Even the tasteless glop had done the job, but how? If it wasn’t the pleasure, could it be the calories? At first the idea seemed a bit daft. For decades, psychologists had been studying performance on mental tasks without worrying much about the results being affected by dairy-product consumption. They liked to envision the human mind as a computer, focusing on the way it processed information. In their eagerness to chart the human equivalent of the computer’s chips and circuits, most psychologists neglected one mundane but essential part of the machine: the power supply. The brain, like the rest of the body, derived energy from glucose, the simple sugar manufactured from all kinds of foods. To establish cause and effect, researchers at Baumeister’s lab tried refueling the brain in a series of experiments involving lemonade mixed either with sugar or with a diet sweetener. The sugary lemonade provided a burst of glucose, the effects of which could be observed right away in the lab; the sugarless variety tasted quite similar without providing the same burst of glucose. Again and again, the sugar restored willpower, but the artificial sweetener had no effect. The glucose would at least mitigate the ego depletion and sometimes completely reverse it. The restored willpower improved people’s self-control as well as the quality of their decisions: they resisted irrational bias when making choices, and when asked to make financial decisions, they were more likely to choose the better long-term strategy instead of going for a quick payoff. The ego-depletion effect was even demonstrated with dogs in &lt;a href="http://pss.sagepub.com/content/21/4/534" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(0, 66, 118); "&gt;two studies&lt;/a&gt; by Holly Miller and Nathan DeWall at the University of Kentucky. After obeying sit and stay commands for 10 minutes, the dogs performed worse on self-control tests and were also more likely to make the dangerous decision to challenge another dog’s turf. &lt;span &gt;&lt;b&gt;But a dose of glucose restored their willpower.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;&lt;span &gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; "&gt;Heatherton’s results did much more than provide additional confirmation that glucose is a vital part of willpower; they helped solve the puzzle over how glucose could work without global changes in the brain’s total energy use. Apparently ego depletion causes activity to rise in some parts of the brain and to decline in others. Your brain does not stop working when glucose is low. It stops doing some things and starts doing others. It responds more strongly to immediate rewards and pays less attention to long-term prospects.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; "&gt;The discoveries about glucose help explain why dieting is a uniquely difficult test of self-control — and why even people with phenomenally strong willpower in the rest of their lives can have such a hard time losing weight. They start out the day with virtuous intentions, resisting croissants at breakfast and dessert at lunch, but each act of resistance further lowers their willpower. As their willpower weakens late in the day, they need to replenish it. But to resupply that energy, they need to give the body glucose. They’re trapped in a nutritional catch-22:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; "&gt;1. In order not to eat, a dieter needs willpower.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; "&gt;2. In order to have willpower, a dieter needs to eat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; "&gt;We have no way of knowing how much our ancestors exercised self-control in the days before BlackBerrys and social psychologists, but it seems likely that many of them were under less ego-depleting strain. When there were fewer decisions, there was less decision fatigue. Today we feel overwhelmed because there are so many choices. Your body may have dutifully reported to work on time, but your mind can escape at any instant. A typical computer user looks at more than three dozen Web sites a day and gets fatigued by the continual decision making — whether to keep working on a project, check out TMZ, follow a link to YouTube or buy something on Amazon. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; "&gt;The cumulative effect of these temptations and decisions isn’t intuitively obvious. Virtually no one has a gut-level sense of just how tiring it is to decide. Big decisions, small decisions, they all add up. Choosing what to have for breakfast, where to go on vacation, whom to hire, how much to spend — these all deplete willpower, and there’s no telltale symptom of when that willpower is low. It’s not like getting winded or hitting the wall during a marathon. Ego depletion manifests itself not as one feeling but rather as a propensity to experience everything more intensely. When the brain’s regulatory powers weaken, frustrations seem more irritating than usual. Impulses to eat, drink, spend and say stupid things feel more powerful (and alcohol causes self-control to decline further). Like those dogs in the experiment, ego-depleted humans become more likely to get into needless fights over turf. In making decisions, they take illogical shortcuts and tend to favor short-term gains and delayed costs. Like the depleted parole judges, they become inclined to take the safer, easier option even when that option hurts someone else.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; "&gt;“Good decision making is not a trait of the person, in the sense that it’s always there,” Baumeister says. “It’s a state that fluctuates.” His studies show that people with the best self-control are the ones who structure their lives so as to conserve willpower. They don’t schedule endless back-to-back meetings. They avoid temptations like all-you-can-eat buffets, and they establish habits that eliminate the mental effort of making choices. Instead of deciding every morning whether or not to force themselves to exercise, they set up regular appointments to work out with a friend. Instead of counting on willpower to remain robust all day, they conserve it so that it’s available for emergencies and important decisions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; "&gt;“Even the wisest people won’t make good choices when they’re not rested and their glucose is low,” Baumeister points out. That’s why the truly wise don’t restructure the company at 4 p.m. They don’t make major commitments during the cocktail hour. And if a decision must be made late in the day, they know not to do it on an empty stomach. “The best decision makers,” Baumeister says, “are the ones who know when &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; to trust themselves.”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; "&gt;&lt;nyt_author_id&gt;&lt;/nyt_author_id&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="authorIdentification" style="margin-bottom: 2.8em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 10px; line-height: 15px; "&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.467em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: italic; "&gt;John Tierney (tierneylab@nytimes.com) is a science columnist for The Times. His essay is adapted from a book he wrote with Roy F. Baumeister, “Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength,” which comes out next month.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-155427512674502587?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/155427512674502587/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=155427512674502587' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/155427512674502587'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/155427512674502587'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/08/do-you-suffer-from-decision-fatigue.html' title='Do You Suffer From Decision Fatigue?'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-4086287227622419831</id><published>2011-08-21T14:54:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-21T14:58:22.085-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Adam Smith on inflation</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;It occasions a general and most pernicious subversion of the fortunes of private people; enriching in most cases the idle and profuse debtor at the expense of the industrious and frugal creditor. ...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-4086287227622419831?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/4086287227622419831/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=4086287227622419831' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/4086287227622419831'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/4086287227622419831'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/08/adam-smith-on-inflation.html' title='Adam Smith on inflation'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-1410686183729346147</id><published>2011-08-19T17:08:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-19T17:08:42.505-07:00</updated><title type='text'>标  题: 这个世界上没有比背单词更好的事情了。</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;发信人: ruomu (ruomu), 信区: WaterWorld&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Fri Aug 19 10:31:34 2011, 美东)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;这个世界上没有比背单词更好的事情了。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;当你面对着一本又一本的单词书的时候&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;你才发现 原来你的词汇量根本不叫词汇量&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;当你看到barnet这个坑爹的单词的时候&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;你深深地感觉到了自己的渺小&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;大家在旅游的时候 你在背单词&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;大家在谈恋爱的时候 你在背单词&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;大家在变形金刚的时候 你在背单词&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;大家在大小各种聚的时候 你在背单词&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;大家在睡到天昏地暗的时候 你在背单词&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;大家在哈利波特一梦十年的时候 你在背单词&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;在单词中 你可以锻炼心理素质&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;因为人类最大的恐惧 来源于面对未知&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;一本单词书 你认识的可能只有十分之一 还不到&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;在单词中 你可以获得满足感&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;当你不爽的时候&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;可以对着你家小狗说 再不听话 我就把你打成cauliflower ear&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;然后欣赏小狗脸上(自己臆想出来的)恐惧&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;在单词中 你的自信能够得到膨胀&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;背了GRE再回头看看TOEFL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;你可以傲娇的轻哼：这么简单~切~&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;在背单词的时候&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;你会发现 世界是那么的美好&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;因为不出去跑 所以你的皮肤被捂白了&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;因为沉迷于精神上的满足中 你吃的也少了&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;因为闭门不出 你可以听到“凯撒姐姐真坐得住”这种从来没听到过的表扬！&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;甚至 你发现了过去二十年不曾发现的温暖的关怀：&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;别学习了 休息一会吧&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;吃点水果吧 别累着&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;中午睡一会吧 休息好了再看&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;当你听到这种在梦中都想象不到的话语用慈爱的语气流过你的心田的时候&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;你热泪盈眶&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;你泪流满面&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;你的HP MP瞬间加满 攻击力防御力立马爆棚&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;你摇摇头 轻轻地说一声：不 妈妈 我不累 背完这个list再休息吧&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;回过头去继续学习的时候&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;你能感受到那两束投在你背影上赞许的目光&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;你欣喜地发现：背单词，都能促进家庭和睦呢！&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;觉得无聊了 看看vocabulary builder&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;里面有词根典故小故事呢&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;觉得清闲了 翻翻红宝书&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;马上就会出现hysteria这种你连中文都没听说过的东西&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;觉得挫败了 拿出toefl 10000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;哇 这一页的我都认识&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;自从背了单词 你的呼吸顺畅了 心情平和了&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "&gt;一口气背9个list 不费劲儿&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-1410686183729346147?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/1410686183729346147/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=1410686183729346147' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/1410686183729346147'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/1410686183729346147'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/08/blog-post.html' title='标  题: 这个世界上没有比背单词更好的事情了。'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-5353494720647570093</id><published>2011-06-13T14:04:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-13T14:04:57.114-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Give me your best LeBron joke</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; "&gt;标  题: Give me your best LeBron joke (zz)&lt;br /&gt;发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Mon Jun 13 14:57:31 2011, 美东)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Did you hear about LeBron's cell phone? It only vibrates, there's no ring.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The city of Dallas declared tomorrow is LeBron James Day. Everyone gets to&lt;br /&gt;leave work 12 minutes early&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How come Lebron only gave the guy 75 cents when asked for change for a&lt;br /&gt;dollar?&lt;br /&gt;Because he doesn't give the 4th quarter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The real reason Lebron didn't go to college....couldn't pass the finals.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-5353494720647570093?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/5353494720647570093/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=5353494720647570093' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/5353494720647570093'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/5353494720647570093'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/06/give-me-your-best-lebron-joke.html' title='Give me your best LeBron joke'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-5096935802008782055</id><published>2011-05-25T16:29:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-25T16:29:55.452-07:00</updated><title type='text'>zt 美国硅谷华人与印度人之比较</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(168, 169, 170); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, simsun, u5b8bu4f53; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;摘要：美国硅谷是世界著名的高科技中心，早期的发展靠集成电路（IC）。时至今日，这里的印度人和华人(IC)拥有较大的社群。有人戏称，没有印度人和华人就没有今天的硅谷。本文通过对硅谷印度人和华人的对比分析发现，尽管同属东方古老文明，他们之间在民族认同感、创业模式和动力、价值观、思维方式、处世方式、整体实力、社会认知与形象等方面有着较大的差异。产生这些差异的原因是两国在历史进程中形成了不同的民族性格、民族心理和文化。客观分析美国硅谷印度人和华人之间的优劣势，可以为我国吸引海外人才，加快建设创新型国家和科技强国提供借鉴和帮助。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;关键词：硅谷；印度人；华人；比较&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;A Comparison between Chinese and Indian of Silicon Valley&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;Abstract: Silicon Valley is the world well-known technology center, its early development depends on integrated circuit (IC)。Up to now,there are a large number of Indians and Chinese. As it goes, without Indians and Chinese, without Silicon Valley. In the paper, we can see that though they belong to the ancient orient, so many differences  exist between them by comparing and analyzing, such as sense of national identity, start-up mode and motivation, values, thought mode, entire power, social recognition and identity, etc. The reason of them is that the different national disposition, national psychology and culture which were formed in the history process of India and China. In India, the software industry develops so fast due to this reason to some extent. Finally, it is useful for China to learn from Indian for attracting overseas Chinese so as to speed up the construction of innovative country and the powerful country of technology.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;Key words: Silicon Valley；Indian；Chinese；comparison&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;美国硅谷的崛起得益于斯坦福大学、上个世纪50年代的国防工业和集成电路（integrated circuit，IC）。经过半个多世纪的发展，今天硅谷已经拥有电子、通讯及软件、生物等一万多家高科技公司，其中约有3000家是由华人（为了便于一致性，本文“华人”泛指美籍华人、持绿卡和签证的中国人，以下相同）和印度人（本文“印度人”泛指美籍印度人、持绿卡和签证的印度人，以下相同）工程师执掌业务要津。[&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_edn1" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;]美国斯坦福大学多萨尼教授研究表明，目前在美国硅谷工作的印度科技人才多达30万人，成为硅谷信息技术产业创业人才的“蓄水池”。另据2006年9月30日出版的《圣荷西新闻报》报道，仅在硅谷腹地圣塔克拉拉（Santa Clara）和阿拉米达（Alameda）两个县，来自中国大陆的移民就有27.2万人，远远超过同一地区的15.7万印裔居民。其中有华人科技人员8万多人，印裔科技人员4万人左右。因此有人说，硅谷“过去发财靠IC(集成电路)，如今发家还靠IC(即印度和中国的英文第一个字母)”。有的甚至戏称，没有IC(印度人和中国人)，也就没有今天的硅谷。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;近几年来，随着中国和印度走上新兴工业化道路，经济高速发展，科技事业突飞猛进，已经对身在美国硅谷的华人和印度人工程师产生强烈的冲击力，他们中有不少人选择回流祖（籍）国创业，或是成为全球化时代往返两地的“太空人”。但由于文化背景、民族心理、民族认同、价值取向等各有不同，印度人和华人在回流的心理、方式、创业的动机和模式等方面以及服务的手段上，也存在一些差异。通过对硅谷两大族裔高科技人才的对比分析，可以帮助我们充分认识和了解他们之间的相同或相似之处，哪些方面值得相互学习和借鉴。尤其是在全球人才竞争异常激烈的今天，作为他们的祖（籍）国，我们在制定政策时又需要注意哪些因素，采取什么样的措施，为他们回流创造什么样的条件等提供参考。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1．民族性格与民族认同比较&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;民族性格（national disposition）是指一个民族的群体人格（community personality），即一个民族所共有的、不同于其他民族的思想、情操、嗜好、激情、习惯及行为方式等。民族性格的形成是与这个民族所长期依存的生存环境、历史条件和文化传统分不开的。[&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_edn2" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;]民族认同（identity）则是指在一个族群（&lt;a href="http://define.cnki.net/define_result.aspx?searchword=ethnicgroup" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;ethnic group&lt;/a&gt;）范围内人们对&lt;a href="http://define.cnki.net/define_result.aspx?searchword=%e6%b0%91%e6%97%8f%e6%80%a7" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;民族性&lt;/a&gt;（ethnicity）的确定，是某一人群能分享自己文化的独特感受而且在一些方面被族群中的成员视为一个“凭照”，或是指各民族通过长期的交往逐渐取消民族的偏见和隔阂，产生政治上、文化上和感情上在平等基础上的&lt;a href="http://define.cnki.net/define_result.aspx?searchword=%e5%bd%92%e5%b1%9e%e6%84%9f" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;归属感&lt;/a&gt;（彭兆荣 1997；郑学功2002）。尽管中印两国同属东方文明古国和世界文明的发祥地，但由于历史进程不同，社会发展水平、宗教信仰等各异，国民在民族性格和民族认同方面存在一些差异，这些差异直接影响今天身处硅谷的华人和印度人的思维方式、行为动机和价值取向等。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1．1 民族性格对民族认同的影响&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;印度文明绵延五千余年，自古以来印度就是一个笃信宗教的国度，宗教信仰和文化在印度民族性格的形成中起到了极为重要的作用。今天印度10亿多人口中，印度教徒8.2亿(占总人口的82%)，穆斯林1.1亿(占11%)，基督教徒2，700万，锡克教徒2，300万，佛教徒600万，耆那教徒350万（朱明忠，2005）。国教印度教不仅信徒众多，而且历史悠久。从《梨俱吠陀》产生算起，印度教已有3500年以上的历史，在印度教文化的长期熏染和陶冶下，印度人形成了独特的民族心理和民族性格，比较典型的就是鄙视物质，崇尚精神的核心价值观。他们相信在圣者身上具有一种内在的精神力量，这种内在的精神已经与宇宙的无限精神合二为一，从而达到了人与自然、人与宇宙的统一。他们崇拜神灵，为神无私奉献的观念、再生的观念和“达摩”（Bodhidharma）&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ftn4" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[④]&lt;/a&gt;的观念，是印度传统文化中最基本的概念。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;上述这些印度人所持有的民族心理或民族性格，是他们核心价值观的具体体现，直接影响着包括海外印度人在内的全体国民。例如，当“9·11”后美国经济出现严重衰退，失业率攀升时，硅谷的印度人没有彷徨，他们便把目光转向东方，毫不迟疑地纷纷回到祖（籍）国。他们的“回归”不仅带回了先进的理念和管理经验，而且带回了先进的技术和资金，成为增强国家高科技发展骨干力量和秘密武器。仅Hotmail的创始人萨比尔·巴蒂亚(Sabeer Bhatia)就在印度北部的哈里亚纳邦（Haryana）投资20亿美元打造起“印度硅谷”。大量印度人回归祖（籍）国还大大促进了拥有400多万科技研发人才的世界第三大科技大国研发中心和科技人才的猛增。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;同属世界文明古国的中国，其民族性格是建立在中华民族的主体民族汉族和中华民族的主体文化主体性格的基础之上的，它受到所处社会环境和自然环境的影响。杨玥（2006）认为，首先由于中国所处的地理位置和历史渊源极为完整，山脉河流构成一个完整体系，这样一个国家内的民族，必定是群体的和谐。另外，中国历朝历代推行的都是一种“重农抑商”的政策，再加上小农业生产的特点，形成了中国人的群体意识。其次尽管中国有几千年的发展史，但未形成像印度教那样统一并延续长久的宗教。总体的特点是儒释道三教合流。中国的民族性格和民族精神辩证地糅合了儒家养德、道家养生、佛学养心三家的精髓。再从中华民族重视宗族伦理的角度来看，传统中国家庭的理想是建立一个按父系家长制构成的大家庭。具有宗族主义中心和相互依赖处世观的中国人，倾向于在家庭这个人类初始社会集团中解决问题。当必须冒险离开家庭时，他依然不断寻求并希望建立一种亲族性质的纽带。从本质上讲，中华民族的性格表现出来的是“国家兴亡，匹夫有责”、中庸、和谐、“孝道”、荣耀等，具有很强的奉献精神。但也表现出“性格的多个侧面及其本相的暖昧性”（周宁 1997）。例如与印度人相比，硅谷华人的“暖昧性”就表现出他们一般不会轻易放弃来之不易的“根”，其行为也不如印度人那样坚决和果断，常常把祖（籍）国的物质条件等外部因素放在十分重要的思考范围，对文化的认同、身份的认同等常常也受到生活物质环境的影响，[&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_edn3" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;]把“根”扎在美国的思想在他们中占有主导地位， “回归”就不如印度人那么果断。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1．2 祖（籍）国环境机制的影响因素&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;客观上讲，身处异国他乡的游子的观念与行为还受到祖（籍）国现行制度和机制的影响，比如“族群”是否具有向心力和凝聚力，祖（籍）国对他们有无吸引力等。当然祖（籍）国的强大是民族认同感的关键。祖（籍）国的强大，除了自身的战略机制、政策机制、法律机制、人文机制、市场机制、人才机制、环境机制等优化外，也少不了境外同胞的积极参与和大力支持奉献。事实也证明了这一点。今天，正在和平崛起的中国正在对海外华人产生深深的吸引力，大大增强了他们对祖（籍）国和民族的认同感，即使过去拥有中国血统而不愿意承认自己是华人后裔的一些人，也改变以往偏见，视自己为华人而骄傲。印度同样如此，走上新兴工业化道路之后，印度取得的成就对硅谷的印度人也产生影响。根据美国哈佛大学、杜克大学和纽约大学的研究人员2007年8月22日公布的一份研究报告称，硅谷“大约五分之一新的合法移民和三分之一的印度人高级雇员或者计划离开美国，或者在持观望态度。”已经从美国硅谷返回印度的移民大约在3.5万到6万之间。为此，不少媒体惊呼，“美国历史上第一次遇到了逆向人才流失。”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;当然，这种“回归”现象的原因较多，如美国的移民政策妨碍外国人获得永久居留权，但其中最重要的一点就是中国和印度经济发展迅速，创业环境大大改善，机会增多。自1991年以来，随着印度经济更为开放和管制放松，外国公司开始将巨额资金投向印度。这个时候，那些在硅谷的印度人发现，他们能带回国内的最好的礼物，就是他们自己。不过，由于印度在投资环境上仍存在障碍，也阻止了硅谷以及海外印度人回国投资的热情。海外印度人虽然名义上被印度政府称为“印度人”，但是在投资创业等许多方面的限制仍然和居住在国内的印度人有很大差别。缓慢繁冗的程序审批即使是当地人都已经叫苦不迭，海外印度人更加难以应对。还有工人随意罢工、企业正常生产秩序被肆意破坏的事例在印度屡见不鲜。许多印度“海归”认为，这种弊端显然并不是光用一个“亲情牌”就能弥补的。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;这些妨碍海外专业人士“回归”印度的现象在中国也存在，如定居的身份问题、小孩的教育问题、办事程序繁杂等。但相比之下，中国政府对身在海外的华人的政策更加健全和灵活，就连印度外长慕克吉在呼吁海外印度人“回归”时也承认，“海外华人对中国经济发展所做出了很大贡献。”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;另外，根据对硅谷千余名专业技术人员 “回归理由”的问卷调查表明，两大族裔在“回归”考虑的内外因素上也反映出祖（籍）国需要正视的问题，如何去改进现行制度下的环境，以吸引更多的海外后裔加入到创业的行列。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;表1：硅谷中印两个族群决定回归的祖（籍）国因素&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tbody style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;决定回归的祖（籍）国因素&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;百分比(%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;同等学历在国内地位高&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;46.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;情感孤独和思乡&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;29.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;文化差异&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;28.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;工作缺乏保障&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;14.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;种族歧视感&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;11.6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;生活的压力和紧张感&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;10.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;不能获得永久居住权&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;6.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;表2：硅谷中印两个族群决定回归的硅谷因素&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tbody style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;决定回归的所在硅谷因素&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;百分比(%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;有责任为国家做贡献&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;50.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;家庭与亲情&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;44.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;留学经历是发展机会&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;30.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;喜欢国内节奏和方式&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;23.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;有履约责任&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;21.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;有难得的发展机会&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;19.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="348" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;有留学人员的政策&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;12.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;从这组调查中不难看出，无论海外专业人士已经回归或准备回归，最主要的原因和动力是报效祖（籍）国和追求自身价值的实现。他们回归创业的最大希望是获得较为公平的竞争和生存条件。有些人或多或少还感到一种“压抑感”或“潜在的压抑感”，一旦回到祖（籍）国，尽管物质生活条件远不如硅谷，但精神上的压抑感会随之消失。[&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_edn4" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;2．创业动力与创业形式比较&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;创业动力是一切创业活动的前提。一般来讲，与从业相比，创业能够给创业者带来更大的收益，更能够实现创业者的理想与抱负，但创业毕竟是一种具有较大风险的经济行为，必须有较强的创业动力来驱动。创业的形式则是创业选择的方式和方法，比如在硅谷经济社会，创业的形式更加多元，有网络创业、加盟创业、兼职创业、团队创业、大赛创业、概念创业、内部创业、个人投资理财创业等。但由于受到不同文化背景的影响，硅谷华人和印度人的创业动力和创业形式上有较大的不同。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;2．1 硅谷IC创业的不同动力源泉&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;硅谷被公认是最适合创业的地方，这是因为它有其自己独特的创业文化生态环境，如能者在上的公司信仰；宽容失败的理念；容忍“背叛”的态度；精诚合作的团队（team work）精神；嗜好冒险的行为；全新的投资理念和生产结构的开放性；热衷改变自己的位置；对产品而不是金钱的痴迷；机会的慷慨分布；分享财富的强烈倾向等，正是这种独特的文化才成就了今天的硅谷，也成就了硅谷的华人和印度人。但由于受到中国和印度两种不同文化背景的影响，他们在创业的动因上存在一定的差异，例如，大约有60%的印度人一般乐于做自己的初创公司（start-ups），不愿意创办自己公司的华人却占了70%，相反愿意替别人管理公司（见表3）。在对未来是否创办自己公司的态度上，也存在差别（见表4）。可见，华人的冒险精神不如印度人。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;表3：硅谷中印两个族群创办公司的情况（%）&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tbody style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="121" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国大陆&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国台湾&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;印度&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;是否全职创办公司&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="121" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;14.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;34.2`&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;43.3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;是否半职创办公司&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="121" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;16.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;16.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;16.6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;不愿意创办公司&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="121" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;68.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;49.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;40.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;表4：硅谷中印两个族群对创办公司的态度（%）&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tbody style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="187" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="97" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国大陆&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国台湾&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;印度&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="187" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;是的，2001年创办公司&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="97" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;2.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;10.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="187" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;是的，未来创办公司&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="97" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;50.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;50.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;63.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="187" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;从不会创办公司&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="97" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;7.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;16.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;2.2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="187" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;不知道是否要创办公司&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="97" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;41.2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;29.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;23.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;上述这种状况近几年又有了新的发展。2006年，美国杜克大学普拉特工程分校和加州大学伯克利分校的学者在对全美28，766家年度销售额超过100万美元和雇工在20人以上的企业进行调查后，出版了“硅谷新移民企业家”的报告。报告称，在1995-2005年间，外来移民创建了硅谷52%、加州39%的公司。其中，华人员工最多，但印度移民所创建的公司数量最多。这充分反映了两种不同文化背景下在创业方面的差别。也就是说，自1999年以来，外来移民在硅谷创建科技公司的作用有了成倍的增长，而且印度移民也首次超过华人移民，成为硅谷创业的第一主力。在当时由外国移民创建的科技企业中，有26%的企业不是由印度人创建，就是有印度人的CEO、总裁或首席研究员。另外在硅谷的革新和与制造业相关的服务业领域，有大约25%的企业是印度移民创建的。而中国大陆和台湾地区的移民所创企业都占6%。在软件领域，印度移民在1995～2002年间创建了硅谷34%的软件公司。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;2．2 创业模式的差异&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;创业模式是人们在创业时所选择的方式，这是创业初首先要做的事情。在设计自己的创业模式时，就是要对自身以及环境的条件有一个客观的衡量，认清自己能做什么，在什么环节投入会取得最大的收益，而不是盲目地去模仿和追随别人成功的模式。基于这种思考，华人和印度人的主要差异主要表现为：首先印度人更讲究团队创业，所创办的公司几乎都是由一个团队来完成的，而华人大多则愿意独自创办公司或是血缘团队；其次在涉足的领域方面，由于早期的硅谷印度移民多为工程师、律师、会计师等职业技术人才，在国内就完成了研究生教育，而中国大陆和台湾多为留学后定居者，两大族裔在受教育程度、担任职务和就业领域等方面也存在差别（见表5；表6；表7）。[&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_edn5" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;表5：硅谷中印两个族群受教育的程度（%）&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tbody style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="187" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;教育程度&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="97" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国大陆&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国台湾&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;印度&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="187" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;高中毕业&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="97" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;0.2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;0.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;0.39&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="187" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;学士&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="97" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;10.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;15.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;20.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="187" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;硕士&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="97" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;52.2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;53.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;39.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="187" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;MBA&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="97" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;7.2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;14.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;28.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="187" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;博士&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="97" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;28.6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;14.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;8.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="187" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;其他&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="97" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1.2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;2.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;表6：硅谷中印两个族群工作岗位状况（%）&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="571" border="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tbody style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;工作岗位&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国大陆&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="96" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国台湾&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;印度&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;拥有MBA学位&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;执行官&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;9.6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="96" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;24.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;41.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;46.2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;经理&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;13.3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="96" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;30.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;26.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;34.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;技术，非管理人员&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;67.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="96" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;35.2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;28.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;7.3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;其他&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;9.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="96" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;9.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;3.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;11.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;总数&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;100.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="96" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;100.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;100.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;100.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;硬件公司担任执行官/经理&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;19.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="96" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;52.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;62.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;软件公司担任执行官/经历&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;16.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="96" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;43.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="84" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;65.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;表7：硅谷中印两个族群就业产业领域分布（%）&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tbody style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;公司行业&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国大陆&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国台湾&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="105" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;印度&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;半导体&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;17.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;20.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="105" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;9.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;计算机/通信技术&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;26.3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;23.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="105" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;19.6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;生物科技&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;5.3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;4.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="105" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;国防/航空&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;0.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1.3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="105" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;0.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;软件&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;25.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;18.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="105" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;38.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;工程/制造相关的服务业&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;3.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;4.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="105" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;2.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;职业服务&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;6.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;8.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="105" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;12.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;因特网内容/服务&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;6.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;6.3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="105" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;9.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="199" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;其他&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;7.3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;11.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="105" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;6.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;2．3 融资方式等对企业成长的影响&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;有了创业模式和所熟知的领域，融资尤其是初创基金的来源等也决定着企业的成长。通过对硅谷中印两大族裔创业现状的比较分析，华人和印度人在融资的渠道上存在较大差别（见表8）。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;表8：硅谷中印两个族群获取创业基金的来源(%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="600" border="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tbody style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="216" colspan="3" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;初始筹集资金&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="204" colspan="3" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;后续筹集资金&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;资本来源&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;大陆&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;台湾&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;印度&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;大陆&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;台湾&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="60" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;印度&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;个人储蓄&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;52.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;42.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;61.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;19.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;19.6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="60" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;25.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;在美国的家庭/朋友&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;16.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;26.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;23.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;9.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;21.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="60" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;10.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;在美国外的家庭/朋友&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;20.O&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;20.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;5.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;12.2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;19.6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="60" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;4.2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;天使投资者&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;41.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;38.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;46.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;26.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;26.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="60" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;25.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;美国的风险投资公司&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;34.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;18.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;35.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;58.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;34.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="60" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;61.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;美国外的风险投资公司&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;10.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;30.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;5.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;31.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;47.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="60" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;14.6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="180" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;银行、银行借贷及其他&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;12.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;8.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;16.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;26.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="72" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;30.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="60" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;28.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;融资渠道的差异也折射出两个不同族群在对外交往中的差异，80%的中国人主要依赖于家族成员或是血亲关系（见表9）。印度人交往的层面就要宽泛一些。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;表9：硅谷中印两个族群兴办初创公司的资金来源（%）&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tbody style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;获取资金的网络关系&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="121" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国大陆&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;台湾&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;印度&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;家庭和朋友&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="121" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;79.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;75&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;66.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;现在或过去的同事&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="121" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;50.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;47.2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;55.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;同学&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="121" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;52.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;50.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;27.2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;族群专业协会&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="121" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;23.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;22.2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;24.6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;其他专业机构&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="121" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;20.6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;19.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;11.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;当然在取得创业资金方面，硅谷华人和印度人还有其他方面的差异，主要表现在如何接触投资者、语言表达、不适合的商业计划书和不恰当的管理技能等方面（见表10）。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;表10：硅谷中印两个族群筹集初创资金呈现出的主要困难（%）&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tbody style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="271" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国大陆&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国台湾&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="81" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;印度&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="271" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;接触投资者技巧&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;61.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;64.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="81" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;69.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="271" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;展示商业计划中的语言困难&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;11.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;11.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="81" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="271" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;不恰当的商业计划书&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;26.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;41.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="81" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;23.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="271" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;不恰当的技能&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;2.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;5.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="81" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;2.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="271" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;不恰当的管理技能&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;26.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;41.2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="81" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;15.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;比如说，在接触投资者的技巧方面，与中国大陆和台湾的创业者相比，印度人就要成熟，且无多大语言障碍，在技能和管理方面也强于华人。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;3  行为模式之比较&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;行为模式，是指在特定的共同体内部，针对类似决策问题的解决方法中，被广泛接受并由个体成员习惯的有效行为方式。共同体内部特定行为模式的形成前提，是由群体内部成员之间的人际互动行为提供的。行为模式得以形成，源于个体认知之间共识的形成，也即针对特定行为的群体认知所具有的某种共享的意义和知识。实践证明，当一个社会体系处于开放状态时，群体间不同文化所内含的核心价值观和行为准则体系，将会产生互动性冲击，从而形成一种竞争融合的态势，并在长期发展中打破那些不适合社会发展的价值观以及行为模式体系（顾自安2006）。硅谷是一个开放式的高度发达的技术社会，硅谷华人和印度人由于受到本民族文化的深刻影响，行为模式表征上有很大不同。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;3．1价值观对行为动机的作用&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;价值观是指一个人对周围的客观事物（包括人、事、物）的意义、重要性的总评价和总看法。像这种对诸事物的看法和评价在心目中的主次、轻重的排列次序，就是价值观体系。价值观和价值观体系是决定人的行为的心理基础。在同一客观条件下，对于同一个事物，由于人们的价值观不同，就会产生不同的行为(&lt;a href="http://www.xici.net/mail/sendto.asp?id=%8A%B9%8BO%C7%EF" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;姽婳秋&lt;/a&gt; 2005)。现代价值观念总是在一定的国家、民族、传统中进行的，在与本国本民族的传统文化冲突、斗争和妥协之中生成的，这样一种生成过程不可能是完全彻底的，总是或多或少地会留下一些本国的印记，会不同程度地形成国家特色、民族特色和传统特色。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中华民族的传统价值观是&lt;a href="http://define.cnki.net/define_result.aspx?searchword=%e4%b8%ad%e5%8d%8e%e6%b0%91%e6%97%8f" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;中华民族&lt;/a&gt;在进入&lt;a href="http://define.cnki.net/define_result.aspx?searchword=%e7%8e%b0%e4%bb%a3%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;现代社会&lt;/a&gt;以前的长期历史实践活动中形成的以自身需要或社会发展为尺度对于对象世界的作用和意义进行&lt;a href="http://define.cnki.net/define_result.aspx?searchword=%e4%bb%b7%e5%80%bc%e8%af%84%e4%bc%b0" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;价值评估&lt;/a&gt;的根本观点（朱宪，颜晓 1999），是一种以儒家经典为核心，糅合墨、法、佛、道、理等众多思想体系的一种观念形态。印度的传统价值观念是建立在悠久灿烂的文化和繁杂的宗教习俗基础之上的，具有其传统色彩与工业文明交汇混杂的神秘气息。因此，在许多人眼里，“对印度的任何评价都是正确的，但是相反的观点可能也是正确的，这个国家太复杂了”（袁南生 2006）。在价值观上，与大多数硅谷华人不同的就是印度人更重视精神的东西，许多印度学者甚至认为，一个人如果受了物质主义的影响，有知识也会变成无知识(2000年4月8日《新印度时报》报道：《物质主义影响使有知变无知》)，[&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_edn6" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;] 而华人更看重其物质内涵。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;价值观也是社会成员用来评价行为、事物以及从各种可能的目标中选择自己合意目标的准则。如果把硅谷华人和印度人置身两种不同的价值观的语境中来评价，尽管他们远离自己的祖（籍）国，生活工作在不同的社会生态环境下，也受到西方价值观的影响，但他们的行为大多没有偏离祖（籍）国传统的价值观。比如，通常印度人创业有勇气，对自己祖（籍）国的认同感有别于华人，他们把创业的精神满足放在比较重要的位置，认为“回归”就是为了“报效祖国”，实现个人价值。而华人的创业勇气就不如印度人，他们甘愿先当打工仔也不冒险去自己创业，即使有了一定的积累，也不会轻易去创办自己的公司等。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;3．2 民族价值观对IC思维方式的影响&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;思维方式是人们大脑活动的内在程式，它对人们的言行（及至影响外部世界）起决定性作用。思维方式表面上具有非物质性，象人的思想一样，无色无形，不可捕摸，它主要由后天环境（文化及教育的）影响所致；思维方式其实又具物质性，大脑皮层对相同事物的反映，会引起皮层“触突”产生某种化学反应和物理（生物电）脉冲，并按“既定路径”来变化传递，在大脑中形成一定的观念（思想）。这种非物质性和物质性的交相影响，“无生有，有生无”，构成了思维方式演进发展的矛盾运动。[&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_edn7" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;学者在对硅谷华人和印度人进行比较分析后得出，印度人抽象思维发达，善于思辨，他们在思考问题时，习惯于思考普遍性原则，而忽视具体的个体和特殊的感知。印度人还具有尊重普遍性原则、屈从于普遍原则的倾向。他们有一种强烈的欲望，将自我与绝对发生直接关系，而拒绝任何中介。他们思维方式的另外一个特点，既不充分认识现实与想象、事实与空想之间的差别，也不在通过直觉得到的东西与通过推理了解的东西之间作严格区分。在某些印度人的世界观里，它们之间没有明确界限，可以轻易转换。他们空想起来，常没有边际，可以完全不受时空的限制。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;至于华人的思维，是“各美其美，美人之美，美美与共，天下大同（费孝通 1980）”，他们希望实现人人和谐，天下大同。今天硅谷华人和印度人之所以在对待创业、回归等方面有差异，无不受到源于不同文化背景下的价值观和美国价值观的影响。从印度族群对传统文化的态度来看，虽然他们在硅谷获得了成功，却一直为本民族的历史、文明、价值观感到自豪。例如，在硅谷乃至整个美国，每个印度人移民都非常自觉地培养、维护自身和后代的种族认同。即使在硅谷这样的高科技圣地，印度移民同样建立了大量的宗教场所，而且还在不断的扩建中。随着他们经济、社会地位的不断提高，新一代印度移民不仅坚守本民族的文化，而且比其父辈更情愿、更努力地传播印度特色文化。印度的饮食、音乐、电影、服装、瑜伽等在美国日渐流行。相比之下，华人就不如印度人，一些中华传统文化习俗正在逐渐伤逝。比如，就有许多在美国出生的ABC(American-born Chinese)就不愿意说中文，那就更谈不上继承中华传统优秀文化了。这是一件值得我们深思的事情。没有语言这个纽带，华人软实力的优势就难以实现。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;3．3 IC不同处世方式对个人成就的影响&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;通常，一个人的处事方式会受到所处的社会环境、家庭背景、工作环境、国家制度、经济发展等差异因素的影响。中印两大族裔在处事方式上虽然有许多共同点，但两个民族具有不同的人生观。中国人是“现世主义者”，只相信今生今世，过好眼前的日子才是最重要的，也是生活的目的所在。相信宗教的印度人是“来世主义者”，他们关心的是来世，这是因为他们认为“来世主义”会支配现在的生活，敬神是出于畏惧，或想得到切实的好处（发财、升官、得子）。例如，不少在硅谷发了迹的印度CEO，致富不忘父老乡亲，发动起来一齐给他们的母校——印度理工学院IIT捐款，一次筹款就是上亿美金；还有一批“数字英雄”，筹集了上亿元，在硅谷和美国东海岸建立了几个由印度人主导的高科技的研究所。再从他们与祖（籍）国的联系来看，自上个世纪90年代印度开始实行经营自由化和对外开放以来，印度侨民便成了开放初期外来投资的重要力量。开放后第一年的1991年，印度吸引外资仅只9700万美元，而到了1998年，已高达35亿美元之巨，7年增加了40倍，到本世纪初，早已突破百亿美元，其中就有许多是来自硅谷，可见海外印度人喝水不忘挖井人的美德。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;尽管上述华人和印度人的这种处事方式带有传统价值观的色彩，但在今天的硅谷，他们的处事方式无不折射出两种不同传统文化的价值。比如华人对创业的态度和眼前的物质生活，就有周密的思考和计划，不是很有把握的事情也不会轻易去冒险，而在回归祖（籍）国时考虑的因素（见表11）和回归祖（籍）国的目的（见表12）时也与印度人的想法有很大的不同。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;表11：影响硅谷中印两个族群回归祖（籍）国的主要因素(%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tbody style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;因素&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国大陆&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国台湾&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="129" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;印度&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;职业机会&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;8.3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;8.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="129" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;7.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;文化和生活方式&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;7.5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;7.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="129" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;8.3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;税收和其他激励机制&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;7.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;5.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="129" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;6.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;美国职业机会的限制&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;6.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;5.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="129" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;5.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="163" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;帮助母体国的欲望&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="144" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;7.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="132" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;6.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="129" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;7.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;表12：中印两个族群回归祖（籍）国的可能性（%）&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tbody style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="271" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;回归目的&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国大陆&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="96" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国台湾&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="93" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;印度&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="271" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;为了全职工作&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;42.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="96" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;24.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="93" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;45.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="271" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;为了全职工作（年龄在26-35岁者）&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;46.6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="96" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;41.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="93" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;52.7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="271" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;为了全职工作（年轻在35岁以上者）&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;37.0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="96" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;14.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="93" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;33.9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="271" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;为了定位生意&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="108" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;78.3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="96" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;55.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="93" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;76.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;上述两项统计还表明，印度人更加关心文化和生活方式以及对帮助祖（籍）国的兴趣，他们很少关心在美国的职业机会对其限制的因素，在对回归祖（籍）国的可能性方面，华人和印度族群似乎差别不大，在生意定位方面，华人的目的性更强。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;不同的处事方式是价值观的具体体现，也对华人和印度两大族群的自身利益产生影响，这种价值观也直接影响了他们在公司和社会上的利益。例如，印度人就很会照顾自己人，不忌讳结党营私、任人唯亲之嫌。其实这从一个侧面表现了他们强烈的群体意识。华人则特别讲究“避嫌”，一般不会介绍自己的“同胞”进自己工作的公司工作。其实，这主要是思维方式和行为方式所致。又如，近年来美国印度人移民与祖（籍）国的经济联系也越来越多。这是因为印度政府鼓励移民，坦然面对“人才流失”。当他们在海外遭遇风险的时候，越来越多的硅谷印度人回归祖（籍）国创业。为此，有一些研究移民的学者预言：印度的未来将有赖于海外的印度人移民。而华人族群通常重视眼前的利益，除认真做好自己的本职工作外，很少关心其他与己无关的事情，更不可能去做那些表面工作。因此，在硅谷高科技公司中、高层管理人员中，华人要比印度人少得多。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;4  硅谷IC在美国主流社会影响力之比较&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;印度人较大规模地向美国及硅谷移民始于上世纪60年代中期以后，一直持续至今。早期中国移民美国加州始于19世纪40年代末，[&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_edn8" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;]而大量移民硅谷的华人始于上个世纪40～50年代，尤其是1965年通过新的移民法案（Hart-Celler Act）后，[&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_edn9" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;]来自大中华地区的移民才有了明显改善。整体上来看，中国人移民美国硅谷大约经历了5次浪潮（见表13）。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;表13：中国人移民硅谷的五次浪潮及特征&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tbody style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="115" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;年代跨度&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="453" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;主要特征&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="115" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1950s&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="453" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;技术移民：主要在IBM 、Intel、Fairchild和其他公司工作&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="115" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1960s&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="453" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;技术移民：只要在加州国防工业部门工作&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="115" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1970s&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="453" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国大陆研究生来美&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="115" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1980s后至90初&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="453" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;从中国大陆、台湾和其他海外华人族群的移民，美国硅谷以外的华人&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="115" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1990s至2000&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="453" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国大陆留学生&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;可以说华人是伴随硅谷的诞生、发展和成长来到这里的。目前这里的华人来自世界各地，硅谷成为世界华人的聚居地。[&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_edn10" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt;]上个世纪90年代后，这个数据发生了巨大变化。据萨克森尼亚（Annalee Saxennian  1999）的研究，硅谷亚裔员工中华人占51%，印度人占23%，越南裔占13%，而日本裔和韩裔分别只占4%和3%。来自印度与大中华(包括中国与台湾) 的技术人才占了七成，硅谷真是由 IC (印度人与华人) 构成。[&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_edn11" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;]经过多年的拼搏，华人和印度人无论在政治上和经济上都已经取得巨大成功，彰显出不同的实力，但也同样存在一些差异。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;4．1 IC整体实力比较&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;印度人和华人一起被认为是硅谷举足轻重的两大族群。早在2000年，华人和印度人工程师共掌管了硅谷约2800家公司，销售额达1268亿美元，平均每4家公司之中，就有一家由他们掌管。硅谷的印度人科技人才多于上个世纪70年代来到这里。他们大多毕业于50年代由总理尼赫鲁创办的6所印度科技学院，其学术成就与其他世界知名大学的毕业生相比有过之而无不及，这使得美国在抢占信息技术的制高点中把目光投向了印度。在美国眼中，既擅长数学、逻辑、推理，又能讲一口流利英语的印度人，无疑是打造新经济的最佳人选。在硅谷，40%的网络公司创始人是印度人移民，如今硅谷已经成为一座“印度乐园”。在硅谷创办公司的数量上，与其他族裔相比，印度创办公司的数量也独占鳌头（见图1），且工程技术人员也大大超过其他族裔（见图2）。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;图1：美国硅谷工程技术公司创办人祖（籍）国分布图&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;资料来源：America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;图2：美国硅谷创办公司工程技术移民创始人出生国分布图&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;资料来源：America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;加利福尼亚大学1999年公布的调查结果还表明，在1980年至1998年，印度人美国人创办的公司数量占硅谷高科技公司数量的比例仅为7%。现在，这一比例已经高达15.5%。据位于硅谷的《圣荷西信使报》2007年11月披露，印度裔虽然是最晚来硅谷的新移民，却拥有大部分价值连城的房地产。华裔虽然许多英文没有其他族裔移民说得好，生意却是做得最好。虽然印度裔移民是较新的移民群，约三分之一在2000年后移民赴美，但他们的经济能力非凡。根据报告所知，每5名印度裔移民便有4名至少拥有学士学位，他们的收入比平均入息的81000美元高，而拥有的房屋亦是价值最高的，约86万美元。除了高科技业外，医疗专业、旅馆业也是印度人在美国从事的主要行业。在美国医疗专业中，印度人移民是最大的外来群体，因此美国的印度籍医师协会成为美国医生最大的种族团体。在旅店业领域，硅谷乃至全美国50%的汽车旅馆和将近37%的旅店都被印度人拥有。此外，印度人移民还在美国及硅谷的金融、艺术、媒体等行业发挥着越来越重要的作用。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;华人移民硅谷始于上个世纪50年代，主要来自中国台湾。经过几十年的拼搏，他们中涌现出了许多精英，并涉足许多高科技领域（见图3；图4）。并且创办公司的数量也从70年代到80年代迅速上升。[&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_edn12" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;]与印度裔相比，尽管硅谷华人中约有4成不能流利地说英语，但却拥有较好的经济能力，他们的入息亦较平均入息为高。据美国《世界日报》2007年11月22日报道，德勤集团(Deloitte &amp;amp;Touche USA LLP)根据2002～2006年五年总收益成长，在美国各大地区选出成长最快的50大公司 (Deloitte's Technology Fast 50)，包括硅谷等16个地区。硅谷成长最快前50大公司中，有多家为华裔创办。全美16个地区入选成长最快的前50大公司，直接进入“德勤全美成长最快前500大公司”。在2007年硅谷成长最快前50大公司中，网络、媒体与娱乐、通讯产业类别中的排名，华裔金海平创办“TeleNav”排名第一；谢青创办“Fortinet”排名第四，五年成长率为5145%；杨致远创办“雅虎”(Yahoo)五年成长率574%、排名第23；华裔赵耀 (Michael Zhao)的“Array Networks” 成长率同为574%；梁见后(Charles Liang)创办“Super Micro Computer”排名第40，成长率239%；卢昭信创办“Netgear”排名第49，成长率142%。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;图3：台湾移民在产业领域创办公司的分布情况图&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;在软件与信息类别，由洪筱英 (Shaw Hong)共同创办“OmniVi-sion Tehcnologies”排名第15，成长率957%。刑正人(Michael R. Hsing)担任执行长之“Mono-lithicPower Systems”排名第18，成长率760%。生技与医疗装置类别中，陈一之创办“RAE Sys-tems”排名第20，五年成长率有211%。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;又如在圣荷西水星报评选的2006年“硅谷150大企业”排行榜中，就有21家华商上榜，美国华人朱敏创办的WebEx公司首次登上圣荷西水星报评选的“硅谷150大企业”排行榜，并且与邓峰、柯严共同创办的Netscreen Technologies(NSCN)，同列成长最快速的公司前10名。调查还显示，硅谷创造的财富中，40%有华人的参与，每年涌现的5000家初创企业中，约有1/4由华人创办。这充分说明华人整体实力有了显著的提升。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;    图4：美国硅谷中国大陆移民创办公司领域分布图&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;在职业选择上，硅谷的华人多在管理、职业和技术领域。根据对硅谷腹地圣塔克拉拉县统计，来自中国大陆、香港和台湾的华人在上述几个领域具有较高比例（见表14）。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;表14：硅谷圣塔克拉拉华人从事职业人员情况(1990)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tbody style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;职业&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国大陆&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国香港&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国台湾&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;管理&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;7077(43.44%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1866(34.42%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;5657(38.15%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;专业人士&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;2067(12.83%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1188(21.91%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;3752(25.30%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;技术&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;870(5.4%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;200(7.38%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1355(9.14%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;行政&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;983(6.10%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;536(9.89%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;1002(6.76%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;总合计&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;10997(67.77%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;3980(73.6%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="142" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;11766(79.35%)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;资料来源：Public Use Microdata Sample(PUMS)Files,1990&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;4．2 IC社会认知度与形象&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;在经济上取得成功后，硅谷华人和印度人的认知度、地位和形象有了显著的改观，许多人士开始涉足美国政治，以服务社会，维护族群利益，并利用自身的社会资源优势为祖（籍）国提供一些帮助，在祖（籍）国和美国之间架起一座座交流的桥梁。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;据美国《世界日报》报道，目前硅谷大部份城市都有华人或亚裔的市议员。2007年，硅谷的圣塔克拉拉县的三分之一的市长由亚裔担任，五位亚裔市长有四位是华人，他们是中国台湾移民库伯蒂诺市长胡宜兰(Kris Wang)、萨拉托嘉市长刘嘉琳(Aileen Kao)、桑尼维尔市长中国香港移民李洲晓(Otto Lee)，密尔比达市长由来自菲律宾的华人移民艾和谐(Jose Esteves)连任。在2007年6月5日结束的美国圣荷西第四区议员复选中，华人朱感生成为硅谷重镇圣荷西(San Jose)市157年来第一位华人市议员。自此，华人社区代表终于走进该市市议会，美国华人参政历史也因此改写。硅谷华人通过参政成为市政工作的主要决策者和参与者，改变了美国主流社会对华人的看法，逐渐融入以白人为主的社会政治生活。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;除此之外，在以鼓励美国与大中华地区人民建立良好而有建设性的关系，推动美国华人全面融入美国社会的著名亚裔团体“美国百人会”和“80/20促进会”的成员中，来自硅谷的就有晓龙基金会创办人及CEO曾宪章、联华神通集团董事长苗丰强、硅谷著名创业家陈五福、UT-斯达康总裁陆弘亮以及著名演员陈冲等。亚裔80/20促进会是一个专门促进亚裔、华人美国人积极参政的政治组织，前柏克利加大已故的校长田长霖先生就是该会成员。硅谷华人出现的“参政热”并能够获得成功以及越来越多的美国政府部门如美国移民局（The U.S. Immigration &amp;amp; Naturalization Service ，INS）、联邦调查局（&lt;a href="http://www.fbi.gov/employment/employ.htm" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;Federal Bureau of Investigation， &lt;/a&gt;FBI）、美国国家税务局（Internal Revenue Service，IRS）以及其他强力部门开始录用华人，充分证明了：一是华人已经成为美国社会的一部分；二是说明美国主流社会对华人所作出的贡献的广泛认同和华人影响力的显著提高；[&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_edn13" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;]三是华人也深深懂得了选票的力量。有学者甚至认为，大量华人参政正在改变加州的政治版图。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;相比之下，硅谷印度人参政的热情就不如华人那么高，也很少见到印度人参政的消息。但这并不能说明他们对政治的漠视。取得成功的硅谷印度人开始以不同方式涉足美国的政治。他们不仅将资金投向民主党人，也投向共和党人，包括总统布什和参议院外交关系委员会主席赫尔姆斯。在1998年印度核试验后，印度和美国的关系滑落到了10年来的最低点。但此后在不到两年的时间内，美印关系开始有了质的变化。布什政府上台后，印度人院外集团从布什宣称“美中是战略竞争对手”的讲话中，敏锐地抓住了美国新政府对外政策的脉搏，进一步推动美印关系迈上新台阶，增强印度在美国对外战略中的地位。可见印度人的作用功不可磨。除此之外，硅谷的印度人通过牵线搭桥、投资办厂也为祖（籍）国经济发展做贡献。印度软件公司目前所承揽的大部分国际合同都是由硅谷印度人人牵线引进的。&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_edn14" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt;在过去的20年中，硅谷涌现出许许多多不仅受过良好教育而且有著足够创新精神的印裔成功人士。例如硅谷创办网络服务公司使其在35岁之前走进硅谷高科技百万富翁的行列之中的Anil Godhwani，已经成为湾区印度移民社区的一个千万富翁兼慈善家。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;再从专业协会的影响力和网络建设方面来看，华人更重视专业社团组织活动，其影响力也更大。[&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_edn15" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt;]除此之外，华人还有数百家各种同乡会、校友会、协进会等，如北加州中国和平统一促进会、北加州湖北同乡会（1996）、北加州湖南同乡联谊会（1996）、、北加州清华大学同学会、北加州北京大学同学会等各种社团组织。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;4．3 对比中的反思——印度软件业为何发展迅速&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;信息软件业是当今世界最活跃的经济，是提升一个国家竞争力的重要源泉。上个世纪80年代以来，信息技术在印度有了突飞猛进的发展，一跃成为印度经济的增长点。早在1997年，比尔•盖茨就曾预言，“未来的软件超级大国不是美国，不是欧洲国家，而是印度”。据印度国家软件及服务公司协会(NASSCOM)预计，由于全球企业不断扩大外包业务，因此2006年财年印度的软件及服务出口营收将增长32%，印度信息产业和外包总产值达到296亿美元，其中出口就占到236亿美元，印度的软件出口已经占世界第二位。目前，软件出口已经占到印度出口总额的10%。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;据美国麦肯锡咨询公司与印度软件和服务公司协会共同制定的未来10年信息技术战略联合研究报告，印度信息产业产值到2008年将达870亿美元，占GDP的7.5%，可吸纳220万人就业，其中软件出口为500亿美元，占印度出口总额的35%。仅信息部门就可吸收外国直接投资50亿美元。印度已跨入世界第二大软件国的门槛，目前拥有5800家软件公司和28万合格软件人才，并吸引大批顶尖软件跨国公司如微软、国际商业机器公司、摩托罗拉、甲骨文（Oracle）、爱立信、通用电气、朗讯、康柏、得克萨斯仪器等公司在印度进行软件开发。印度电脑软件业的发展也成就了世界上最大的电脑软件出口地之一和全球第五大信息科技中心“印度的硅谷”班加罗尔。目前，这里有7个软件开发区和150余家国际大型IT公司。海德拉巴、晨奈、孟买等城市也都成为印度的硅谷。全国软件园总数已达17个。据预测，未来10年，印度至少会有25个具有最新基础设施和通信条件的信息化城市。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;印度电脑软件产业之所以发展迅速，除了起步早、实行鼓励软件发展的政策、政府部门起协调促进作用、高等教育发达，人才优势、跨国公司的合作、大财团纷纷投资外，其中最主要因素包括：一是重视人才库和人才储备。早在上个世纪60年代，印度政府就投资创建了“科学人才库”，负责接纳愿意回国工作的印度人；二是投入巨资兴建了科学城，作为国外人才回国工作、为国服务的永久性基地。近年来，印度的高科技产业迅猛发展，已成为世界上重要的计算机软件开发基地；三是为硅谷创业者和海外留学或者工作人员回到祖（籍）国开办软件企业或者从事软件开发大开“绿灯”。这些软件人才的“回归”为印度带来了充足的资金和尖端的技术，特别是与海外同行有着十分密切的联系，每人都形成了一张巨大的海外“关系网”，同时，大量会说英语的廉价劳动力也吸引着西方IT精英公司纷纷将班加罗尔作为发展的桥头堡；四是加强法律建设，制定激励政策允许软件人才和投资（王建刚，2003），例如2000年10月17日，印度颁布《信息技术法》生效，为该国信息产业的稳步发展提供了法律保障；五是硅谷乃至美国的印度人的成就，大大激励印度人的创业精神。这批人与国内的联系，对印度发展软件产业起了推动和示范作用。同时，在快速发展国内电脑信息技术的同时，还有许多公司借助印度人高科技人才的作用，把公司和研发中心设到了硅谷，如印度维普罗公司已把总部设到美国硅谷，并购美国的网络公司，以开展互联网和电子商业。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;中国的软件信息产业在经历了2000年前后的发展瓶颈期后，已进入高速发展阶段。2005年其年产值已达3900亿元人民币，折合美元为487.5亿。我国软件产业在全球市场上的份额也增至3.55%，高于印度和韩国。2006年的出口额达到50亿美元，并涌现出如华为技术有限公司、海尔集团公司、中兴通讯股份有限公司、UT斯达康通讯有限公司、神州数码（中国）有限公司、浙江浙大网新科技股份有限公司、熊猫电子集团有限公司、北京北大方正集团、浪潮集团有限公司、海信集团有限公司等一百家收入规模较强软件企业。但在这些大型企业集团当中，真正由回归海外华人创办的远不如印度。作为一个正在与印度一起崛起的新兴工业化大国，我们必须正视差距。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;首先，我国软件研发和生产过于分散。目前尽管我国有54个国家级的高新技术开发区，几乎每个高新区的主导产业中都有软件开发和生产，显得不集中，缺乏集约和规模效益。实践证明，无论是美国的硅谷，还是印度的班加罗尔等，它们的软件园区建设一般都相对集中，容易产生规模和集群效益；&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;其次是由于体制和机制问题，大学与科技园区（包括大学科技园）联系不紧，产、学、研在很多区域内还停留在口头上，致使浪费许多知识资本、文化资本、技术资本、金融资本、环境资本和民主资本等；再次是我国发展电脑软件面临诸多困境，如嵌入式软件税收难题、软件产业的系统性危机、缺乏自主创新的能力和高素质的软件人才培养等；&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;最后是我们在利用硅谷和海外华人软件人才方面，也不如印度。尽管中央和地方政府在吸引海外归国人才方面制定了一系列政策，但在实际操作中还存在许多壁垒，如创业环境中的政策机制、法律机制、政务机制、金融机制、人才机制、社会服务机制等有待进一步完善，例如回归祖（籍）国创业者的身份、小孩就学、就业、创业模式的选择和导向等问题，都直接制约硅谷和海外华人回到祖（籍）国创业的热情。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;5. 结语&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;作为硅谷两大族裔的印度人和华人，在短短50多年的时间中，经过不断的努力和拼搏，成为硅谷经济发展过程中重要的支柱。因此，他们对硅谷发展所起的作用是值得我们重视并加以研究的。通过对他们的对比和分析，可以看到印度人和华人有许多的共同之处。他们都有着强烈的民族认同感，为报效祖国和实现自身价值，他们开始选择了“回归”祖（籍）国；他们都有很高的受教育程度，普遍高于硅谷当地的白人，因此在硅谷主要在高科技公司从事技术和管理方面的工作，绝大多数人是知识工作者；他们中许多人都先为别人工作然后再开始创业，并取得了成功，在硅谷产生了很大影响；除了经济上成功外，他们还涉足政治，通过各种方式融入主流社会。然而，印度人和华人之间存在着更多的差异。受民族心理、民族认同、价值取向和祖国大环境的影响，硅谷印度人比较崇尚内在的精神力量，鄙视物质，他们的冒险精神大大的超过了华人。中国人比较看重现实，群体意识较强，团队精神不够，虽然现在硅谷华人的实力已经大大提升，但与印度人相比，还略逊一筹。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;反思印度人和华人的异同，我们逐渐了解到印度为什么能够在软件业取得如此迅速的发展。作为一个正在努力和平崛起的大国，我们要深刻地思考其中的原因，并发现存在的问题。通过对印度软件业发展的叙述，我们可以从中发现解决问题的方法，其中最重要的一点就是要充分的重视人才。只有创造良好的环境，为硅谷和海外华人回归祖（籍）国工作和创业提供便利，以优惠的条件来吸引他们，才能提高他们的热情，也才能为我们建设创新型国家贡献更大的力量。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;参考文献&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr align="left" width="33%" size="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ftnref1" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;[①]&lt;/a&gt; 国务院侨办课题（编号：GQBY2007027）&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr align="left" width="33%" size="1" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ednref1" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[[1]] 何洪泽，邹德浩：走进复苏中的美国硅谷 华人印度人员工受青睐[N].环球时报，2006-10-24&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ednref2" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[[2]] 朱明忠：宗教与印度的民族性格[J].《世界宗教文化》， 2005（10）   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ednref3" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[[3]] Bernard P. Wong, The Chinese in Silicon Valley, Globalization, Social Networks, And Ethnic Indenty[M].Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefielf Publishers,Inc.2006,pp.189-221&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ednref4" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[[4]] 王辟长，朱国亮：“留学人员最新动向调查”[J].《神州学人》2003（5）&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ednref5" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[[5]] Rafiq Dossani,Chinese and Indian Engineers and their Networks in Silicon Valley[D].Asia/Pacific Research Center,www.APARC.stanford.edu&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ednref6" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[[6]] 薛克翘：印度独立后思想文化的发展特点[J].《当代亚太》2004（4）&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ednref7" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[[7]] 参阅：《改进中国人的思维方式——为士柏网“中国新文化讨论”而作》一文http://www.gmw.cn/03pindao/guancha/2002-12/2002-12-09/021209-16.htm&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ednref8" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[[8]] 周敏，林闽钢：从新移民和新华人移民聚集区看美国华人移民社区的变迁[J].华夏人文地理，17：115-120，2003&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ednref9" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[[9]] Annalee Saxenian, Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs[D].Public Policy Institute of California,pp.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ednref10" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[[10]] Bernard P. Wong, The Chinese in Silicon Valley, Globalization, Social Networks, and Ethnis Indentity[M].Rowman &amp;amp; Little Field Publishers,Inc.pp.1-17&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ednref11" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[[11]] Annalee Saxenian, Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs[D].Public Policy Institute of California,pp.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ednref12" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[[12]] Annalee Saxenian,The Silicon Valley-Hsinchu Connection: Technical Communities and Industrial Upgrading[D].Department of City and Regional Policy Research,September 27,1999.pp.24&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ednref13" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[[13]] Bernard P. Wong, The Chinese in Silicon Valley, Globalization, Social Networks, And Ethnic Indenty[M].Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefielf Publishers,Inc.2006,pp.209&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ednref14" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[[14]]钱峰，张海洋：印度人在美国有实力[N].《环球时报》 2001年05月25日&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 22px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-indent: 2em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://buddykingsky.blog.163.com/blog/getBlog.do#_ednref15" style="line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(210, 238, 190); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[[15]] Annalee Saxenian, Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs[D].Public Policy Institute of California,pp.9-10&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-5096935802008782055?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/5096935802008782055/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=5096935802008782055' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/5096935802008782055'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/5096935802008782055'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/05/zt.html' title='zt 美国硅谷华人与印度人之比较'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-8593461062007866845</id><published>2011-05-13T14:17:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-13T14:17:37.653-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Apple to Advance iPhone with both Text-to-Speech &amp; Speech-to-Text Converters</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: 13px; "&gt;&lt;h3 class="entry-header" style="font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 22px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="entry-content" style="position: static; clear: both; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;div class="entry-body" style="clear: both; "&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.patentlyapple.com/.a/6a0120a5580826970c015432438f89970c-pi" style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(171, 4, 4); display: inline; "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.patentlyapple.com/.a/6a0120a5580826970c01538e70b3e7970b-pi" style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(171, 4, 4); display: inline; "&gt;&lt;img alt="1 - Apple Advancing iPhone with Advanced Text-to-Speech &amp;amp; Speech-to-Text Converters - patent 2011" border="0" class="asset  asset-image at-xid-6a0120a5580826970c01538e70b3e7970b image-full" src="http://www.patentlyapple.com/.a/6a0120a5580826970c01538e70b3e7970b-800wi" title="1 - Apple Advancing iPhone with Advanced Text-to-Speech &amp;amp; Speech-to-Text Converters - patent 2011" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; display: block; width: 710px; box-sizing: border-box; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt;According to a new Apple patent application that was published this morning by the US Patent and Trademark Office, future iPhone's are likely to provide end users with effective new ways of communicating in both noisy environments like a restaurant or even during a quiet office meeting without stirring a mouse. The system involves using new text-to-speech and speech-to-text converters as well as providing a means of sending prerecorded notifications to the caller if you're unable to speak when answering your phone. I think that many will appreciate these new features and only hope that Apple could get these to market in good time. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a id="more" style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(171, 4, 4); "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="entry-more" style="clear: both; "&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Problem One: Communicating in Noisy Environments&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;A smartphone user may sometimes have to make or answer a phone call in a noisy environment. Noise could interfere with a phone conversation to a degree that the conversation is no longer intelligible to either conversing party. A user in the noisy environment may try to scream into the phone over the noise, but the screaming and the noise may render the voice signal unintelligible at the other end.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;For example, a user may be talking on the phone in a busy restaurant. The user may not be able to shout loud enough into the phone to cover the noise in the restaurant. The user may not even be able to hear when the other end is talking. The noise may render the conversation unintelligible and may lead to a termination of the telephone conversation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Problem Two: Unable to Communicate During a Meeting&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;In another scenario, it may be inconvenient for a user to talk on a phone. For example, users may be in a meeting and don't want to draw attention to themselves by speaking into the phone. The users may try to whisper into the phone, but the whispering may render the conversation unintelligible. The users may choose to send a text message to the other party, but the other party may be on a landline where texting is unavailable, or may not have a texting plan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;It could be frustrating to conduct a telephone conversation when the environment is noisy or the circumstance is inappropriate for a user to speak.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Apple's Solutions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Converting Speech to Text &amp;amp; Prerecorded Notifications&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;One embodiment of the invention is directed to an iPhone which establishes an audio connection with a far-end user via a communication network. The communication device receives text input from a near-end user, and converts the text input into speech signals. The speech signals are transmitted to the far-end user using the established audio connection while muting audio input to its audio receiving component.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;In one embodiment, the communication device detects the noise level at the near end. When the noise level is above a threshold, the communication device could automatically activate or prompt the near-end user to activate text-to-speech conversion at any point of a communication such as a phone call. Alternatively, the communication device may playback a pre-recorded message to inform the far-end user of the near-end user's inability to speak due to the excessive noise at the near end.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;In another embodiment, the near-end user can activate text-to-speech conversion whenever necessary regardless of the detected noise level. The near-end user could enter a text message, which is converted into speech signals for transmission via the established audio connection to the far-end user.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;In yet another embodiment, the communication device could also perform speech-to-text conversion to convert the far-end user's speech into text for display on the communication device. This feature could be used when the far-end communication device cannot, or is not enabled to, send or receive text messages. The speech-to-text conversion and the text-to-speech conversion could be activated at the same time, or could be activated independent of each other. The far-end communication device communicates with the near-end communication device in audio signals, regardless of whether the speech-to-text conversion or the text-to-speech conversion is activated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Proposed Communications System&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;Apple's patent FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a communication environment in which a near-end communication device (e.g., a near-end phone 100) is engaged in, or about to be engaged in, a communication (e.g., phone call) with a far-end communication device (e.g., a far-end phone 98) via a communication network (e.g., wireless network 120). The term "communication device" broadly refers to various real-time communication devices, e.g., landline telephone system (POTS) end stations, voice-over-IP end stations, cellular handsets, smart phones, computing devices, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.patentlyapple.com/.a/6a0120a5580826970c014e88642411970d-pi" style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(171, 4, 4); display: inline; "&gt;&lt;img alt="2 - text-to-speech, speech-to-text converts coming to iPhone - Apple patent figs 1, 2" border="0" class="asset  asset-image at-xid-6a0120a5580826970c014e88642411970d image-full" src="http://www.patentlyapple.com/.a/6a0120a5580826970c014e88642411970d-800wi" title="2 - text-to-speech, speech-to-text converts coming to iPhone - Apple patent figs 1, 2" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; display: block; width: 710px; box-sizing: border-box; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;In one embodiment, the microphone (113) could be used to monitor the noise level in the environment surrounding the near-end phone 100. In an alternative embodiment, a separate microphone could be used to monitor the environmental noise. A noise meter (152) may be shown on the display screen to indicate the detected noise level. The noise meter may be shown when a phone call is made or received, when the noise level reaches the vicinity of a pre-determined threshold, or as long as the near-end phone is powered on. The noise level may be indicated by the noise meter by colors, numeral values, height or length of a bar indicator, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.patentlyapple.com/.a/6a0120a5580826970c01538e70b4eb970b-pi" style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(171, 4, 4); display: inline; "&gt;&lt;img alt="3 - advanced text-to-speech, speech-to-text converters coming to iPhone figs 3-6 - apple may 2011" border="0" class="asset  asset-image at-xid-6a0120a5580826970c01538e70b4eb970b image-full" src="http://www.patentlyapple.com/.a/6a0120a5580826970c01538e70b4eb970b-800wi" title="3 - advanced text-to-speech, speech-to-text converters coming to iPhone figs 3-6 - apple may 2011" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; display: block; width: 710px; box-sizing: border-box; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(91, 91, 91); "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;About Apple's patent FIG. 4:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; in response to the detection of the relative or particular noise level at the near end, the near-end phone displays a number of options for the user to choose. The options may include: text-to-speech, two-way text, play (pre-recorded) message, and voicemail. The user may select one of these options using a physical button or a virtual button. In one embodiment, the near-end phone also displays the noise meter on the display screen to provide a visual indication of the environmental noise level at the near-end.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(91, 91, 91); "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;About Apple's patent FIG. 5:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; if the near-end user selects the text-to-speech option, the display may show "TEXT TO SPEECH" to indicate that the text-to-speech conversion has been activated. The near-end user may use a physical keyboard or a virtual keyboard to input text messages. The display also shows an outgoing message area that displays the text entered by the near-end user. As the near-end user inputs the text, the text-to-speech converter automatically converts the text into speech. The near-end phone transmits the converted speech signal to the far-end user, utilizing the audio connection that has already been established between the near-end user and the far-end user.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(91, 91, 91); "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;About Apple's patent FIG. 6:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; if the user selects the two-way text option, the display may show "TWO-WAY TEXT" to indicate that both of the text-to-speech and speech-to-text conversions have been activated. The near-end user may use a physical keyboard or a virtual keyboard to input text messages. The display shows an incoming message area 612 for displaying the text converted from the far-end user, and an outgoing message area 613 for displaying the text entered by the near-end user. The established audio connection carries two-way voice signals between the near-end and the far-end users. The conversions from text to speech and from speech to text are performed by the near-end phone. The far-end user could speak to the far-end phone in the same way as in a normal telephone conversation that does not involve text messages.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 11pt; "&gt;Apple credits Baptiste Paquier, Aram Lindahl and Phillip Tamchina as the inventors of patent application 20110111805, originally filed in Q4 2009. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related Patent: Phone Hold Mechanism&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt;A secondary iPhone patent published today relates to the one noted above in respect to a new incoming call hold mechanism.  According to Apple, the iPhone will hold an incoming call for a user when the user is temporarily unavailable to pick up the call. In response to an incoming call signal and an indication from the user to hold the call, the iPhone will answer the call and play back a pre-recorded message to the caller while holding the call.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt;The call could also be held until the user picks up the call. If the user is on another call when the incoming call arrives, the iPhone answers the incoming call with a pre-recorded message and holds the incoming call, as well as concurrently maintaining uninterrupted communication on the in-progress call. The user could also enter an estimated hold time, which is announced to the caller.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.patentlyapple.com/.a/6a0120a5580826970c014e88645d68970d-pi" style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(171, 4, 4); display: inline; "&gt;&lt;img alt="4 - Apple is Also Workinig on a Newly Advanced iPhone Hold-Call Mechanism - patent may 2011" border="0" class="asset  asset-image at-xid-6a0120a5580826970c014e88645d68970d image-full" src="http://www.patentlyapple.com/.a/6a0120a5580826970c014e88645d68970d-800wi" title="4 - Apple is Also Workinig on a Newly Advanced iPhone Hold-Call Mechanism - patent may 2011" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; display: block; width: 710px; box-sizing: border-box; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt;Apple credits Craig Pietrowx as the sole inventor of patent application 20110111735.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-8593461062007866845?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/8593461062007866845/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=8593461062007866845' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/8593461062007866845'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/8593461062007866845'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/05/apple-to-advance-iphone-with-both-text.html' title='Apple to Advance iPhone with both Text-to-Speech &amp; Speech-to-Text Converters'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-5091861096646717376</id><published>2011-03-28T15:43:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-03-28T15:43:58.586-07:00</updated><title type='text'>我在新浪微博Android客户端 中发现了这篇微博，想与你分享：</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; "&gt;&lt;p class="sms" mid="201110329419450217" type="3" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; line-height: 22px; font-size: 14px; "&gt;/&lt;a href="http://t.sina.com.cn/n/%E9%AB%98%E6%99%93%E6%9D%BE" namecard="true" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 130, 203); "&gt;@高晓松&lt;/a&gt;:首次被转发过万的是育儿经，高兴！其实没几个孩子长大真成功了，而且成功是命无法教育。所以最需要最实用的教育是：如何在没能成功的人生里随遇而安，心安理得地混过漫长的岁月而不怨天尤人。这时候，那些＂没用＂的东西就变得弥足珍贵。孩子长大不会痛苦失落，做父母的就成功了！&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="MIB_assign" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; width: 474px; clear: both; "&gt;&lt;div class="MIB_asarrow_l" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 53px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; background-image: url(http://img1.t.sinajs.cn/t3/skin/skin_001/images/fragmentbg.png); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; width: 19px; height: 11px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: relative; background-position: -163px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MIB_assign_t" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; background-image: url(http://img.t.sinajs.cn/t3/skin/skin_001/images/assignbg.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; height: 5px; width: 474px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; "&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MIB_assign_c MIB_txtbl" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 17px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 17px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; color: rgb(112, 112, 112); background-image: url(http://img.t.sinajs.cn/t3/skin/skin_001/images/assignbg.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; line-height: 1.7em; zoom: 1; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; background-position: -948px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat repeat; "&gt;&lt;p class="source" mid="201110329419450217" type="2" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://t.sina.com.cn/1191220232" namecard="true" uid="1191220232" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 130, 203); "&gt;@高晓松&lt;img class="small_icon vip" src="http://img.t.sinajs.cn/t3/style/images/common/transparent.gif" title="新浪认证" alt="" src="http://img.t.sinajs.cn/t3/style/images/common/transparent.gif" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; background-image: url(http://img.t.sinajs.cn/t3/style/images/common/new_index_bg.png?id=201101211705); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 11px; height: 10px; background-position: 0px -35px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;：人问我让孩子学琴吗？我说不一定学琴，但一定要多学多干些没用的事。人和动物最重要的区别就是动物做的每件事都有用（为生存和繁殖），人要做许多没用的事比如琴棋书画，比如爱与等待。如果一个孩子被教育只能学对升学有用的课，上大学只能干对就业有用的事，工作了一切都为了买房，生而为人岂不浪费？ &lt;span class="source_att MIB_linkbl" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 18px; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://t.sina.com.cn/1191220232/zF4kA7k1Xv" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(110, 175, 213); "&gt;&lt;strong lang="CL1005" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt;原文转发&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong rid="221110324314774093" type="rttCount" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt;(18545)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="MIB_line_l" style="color: rgb(212, 212, 212); padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 9px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 8px; "&gt;|&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://t.sina.com.cn/1191220232/zF4kA7k1Xv" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(110, 175, 213); "&gt;&lt;strong lang="CC0603" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt;原文评论&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong rid="221110324314774093" type="commtCount" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt;(3693)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="feed_preview" id="prev_201110329419450217" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; clear: both; width: 440px; "&gt;&lt;div class="feed_img" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; position: relative; float: left; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://t.sina.com.cn/1919576691" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 130, 203); "&gt;&lt;img class="imgicon" src="http://ww3.sinaimg.cn/thumbnail/47009408jw6dfjiugpxfhj.jpg" vimg="1" src="http://ww3.sinaimg.cn/thumbnail/47009408jw6dfjiugpxfhj.jpg" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: bottom; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="clear" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; clear: both; height: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; "&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-5091861096646717376?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/5091861096646717376/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=5091861096646717376' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/5091861096646717376'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/5091861096646717376'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/03/android.html' title='我在新浪微博Android客户端 中发现了这篇微博，想与你分享：'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-2332869969660043288</id><published>2011-03-08T12:34:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-03-08T12:35:38.823-08:00</updated><title type='text'>外语学习的真实方法及误区（转）</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); "&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); "&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.douban.com/group/topic/6767868/"&gt;著名语言学家Greg Thomson说的：“外语学习的原理是如此之复杂，以至于没有人能说清楚；但掌握语言的过程又是如此之简单，以至于不需要说清楚。”讨论语言学习的原理，是件非常复杂的事，在下当然也没把握能描述得很清楚。而且因为外语学习就连学术界都存在很多尖锐的争论，本人也不敢说自己有把握能把争论化解。但还是决定先从简单入手，做些抛砖引玉的工作吧，探讨一下外语学习的真谛，特别是对大家在外语学习上普遍存在的误解进行分析和澄清，希望能对外语学习者有所帮助，对外语教学工作着有所启发，就知足了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;本人多年来一直在给各高校，企业和其他英语学习者做英语学习方法讲座。讲时从不煽情，从不靠表演噱头，也不搞励志，每次必将严肃的科学依据送给大家。近五年来听众过万，还比较受欢迎，其中有相当部分的人能够非常理解和赞同并提出了很多尖锐问题和改进意见，在此表示深深感谢。曾有很多人奉劝在下以此演讲能力，把风格改为煽情鼓动式，定能红遍全国和累积财富。本人对名无兴趣，否则早就这么做了。也不愿胡说八道而误人子弟。至于财富吗，不是不喜欢，而是已经有够多的了。所以本人很幸运，现在可以摆脱金钱的烦恼，静下心来读书和思考了。现在把以前演讲的部分内容整理一下发在这里，希望和大家探讨。 &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;笔者分析国外关于语言学习的研究，是由几个主要领域从上至下形成了一个完整的“生物链”。我们从最上层看起。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1． 神经语言学Neurolinguistics&lt;br /&gt;研究者主要是以人类语言能力和现象的脑神经原理为研究重点的一些医学专家和心理学家。他们的研究核心不是如何学外语，而是对人类大脑如何接收、存储、加工和提取言语信息的具体实现机制和对脑神经结构的影响做研究。（这方面的研究和论著浩如烟海，中国近几年引进了一些资料，仅“Brain and Language”一个原文期刊，北图就放了整两排的大书架。另外最近有人把“成功学”范畴的“N.P.L”：Neuro-Linguistic Programming 翻译为神经语言学，很让人看着糊涂。有人为了区别，说你们搞语言的就改翻译成叫“语言神经学”吧，“神经语言”掉个位置变成“语言神经”，别影响我们销售NPL课程，现在正火呢。唉，斯文扫地。）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2． 语言学&lt;br /&gt;主要对语言本身的分析和研究。语言获得、语言掌握、言语生成、言语理解和语言教学的理论体系。他们依靠和参考神经语言学的研究成果，分析这些成果对语言现象在实践层面的意义，在语言使用的范畴做科学实验，为近一步的语言教学提供理论依据。（大家所关心的“学习方法”的理论层面，和这一个领域中最多。）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3． 语言教育学&lt;br /&gt;主要根据以上两个领域的研究成果和教学者自身的教学经验和对语言学的理解，研究在语言教学中的实际应用，提出具体的教学方法和学习方法，分析对比教学效果，制定最佳语言教学的方案，教学模式等。（大家关心的“学习方法”的实践层面在这里有。）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4． 语言产品设计者&lt;br /&gt;主要根据以上三个层面的研究成果，结合客户需求和商业化模式，设计，制造和推广出供学习者使用的各种产品。（这里面鱼龙混杂，硝烟滚滚。但无论本人观点和喜好是什么，决定在此不对任何商家和产品做评论。我把判断工具交给大家后，大家自己就会看明白了。）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;以上四个领域的依存关系非常清楚，但相互之间的界限有时会模糊。有的专家甚至跨越多个领域。整个链条系统非常庞大，几个领域之间常常出现断层，而且经常头上产生的变化传到尾巴上时，很多事都已事过境迁了。但无论如何，头上发生的风吹草动，往往会给各个领域带来震荡。比如最近英国的神经语言学家通过实验发现，会用两种语言的人（指有双语思维能力的人），他们的大脑聪明程度相对单一语言的人高，而且正是外语思维能力大幅度迅速地提高了他们的聪明度。2005年，BBC发布了Bilingual Boosts Brain Power的报道，在语言学，教育学界同时掀起外语研究旋风。关于这一层的其他故事，我们以后在找机会详谈，先进入第二层和第三层，否则真有同学跟我急了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;语言学和语言教育紧密相连，各种方法论多出此门。在外语学习上，一个“语法-翻译法”Grammar-Translation，统治了世界数百年。一直到上世纪中叶，也是随着自然科学的发展，语言学上开始不可避免地出现了“百家争鸣”的繁荣景象。如著名的前面提到过的Lenneberg博士，也是在这一时期提出的关键期理论的。很多著名的学习体系开始形成和推广，有的一直在今天看来还有很多合理和可用的因素。比较著名的学习方法非常简单地介绍如下：&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Audio-Lingualism&lt;br /&gt;先听录音，学生模仿和记忆，再逐渐单个句进行重复和替换，变换训练。（典型的有了广播和录音机的直接产物。）&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cognitive-Code&lt;br /&gt;还是很象语法-翻译法但已经开始进行听、说、读、写四个方面的联系，交流能力受到重视，但还是较偏重于学习甚至是语法学习。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Direct Method&lt;br /&gt;几个分支方法都在这一名下。老师通过使用外语例句来展示和讨论新语法内容，学生从实例中猜测和讨论新出现的语法现象，并试图使用新学的结构实践外语会话。老师回答问题并指出和纠正学生的语法错误。还比较偏重语法教学。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Natural Approach&lt;br /&gt;教师用目标语言（即外语）授课，学生到可以用母语或外语提问。学生的错误不再被指出和纠正，课堂更着重使用外语，但作业中语法练习仍很多。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Total Physical Response (T.P.R)&lt;br /&gt;这是大家常听到的著名的“完全肢体反应法”，简称T.P.R。通过学生对外语指令的听和猜，做出相映的身体反应。比如听到“Sit Down!”时要真的坐下。逐渐难度开始增加，而且学生开始试着给出指令。母语翻译过程完全避免了，并且大家是在观察和身体力行进行动作模仿地建立条件反射。从直觉上我们就发现了这种方法对建立外语思维一定是非常奏效。的确如此！所以该方法至今仍在世界各地采用。但该法的局限性比较大，对教师的要求也高，因为很多指令做不好动作就难以领悟。而且实现思维的词汇量有限（抽象的东西没办法做动作），一般500到800个左右，最多1000个。但已经是非常了不起了。后面我会再找机会详细讨论一下这一方法并给大家这几百个典型TPR词汇，到时大家回去就可以开始自己或和朋友玩儿了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Suggestopedia&lt;br /&gt;这种形式是在一个融洽而轻松的气氛下，几乎只使用外语的课堂。老师的任务是创造一个这样的环境，把复杂的外语对话“表演出来”让大家理解。对老师的要求相当高，但建立外语思维的效果相当明显。（如果你有一个外国朋友能天天这样和你交流，那我一定不说跟老外交流效果差。泰国有所很知名的学校就一直在这样教语言，两个老师在课堂上表演，学生看着，都学得很快。哪天我一定得去学上一段）。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;大家已经看出来了，这几种方法除头两个外，越来越远离“语法-翻译”的传统，从“学习记忆”向“交流应用”，逐渐向建立语言思维的方向发展。而在语言学研究上，也同时逐渐形成了一个重要的外语语言学流派，它就叫做S.L.A.（Second Language Acquisition）。它的革命胜地是在美国。一场反映新兴活跃学术思潮和保守的老牌英国的“语法-翻译法”传统礼教之冲突的世界大战的硝烟，已经弥漫在欧洲的上空和整个世界，一场“世纪之战”已无法避免。&lt;br /&gt;“学得”-“获得”之辩&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;什么是“Second Language Acquisition第二语言获得”，为什么说它与“学得”不同？关键在“获得Acquisition”这个字上。“学得”派认为外语靠理性学习，“获得”派认为语言能力应该是下意识自然获得的，理性学习不正确，尤其不能实现交流。这一字之争一直进行到今日。但此概念在进入中国时，居然被学术界翻译成了“第二语言习得”，恨得我经常口出恶言。啥叫“习”呀？子曰：“学而时习之。” “习”不但是“学”，还是“反复练”。这简直完全违背了“自然获得”的初衷。这两天一直在犹豫怎么能在此文中在谈到该理论的中文翻译时改个名字，但又能让专业人知道我在指什么就好。周末和母亲聊天，她建议我用“悉”字。“获” 即“悉”嘛，而且和“习”谐音。妙啊！老太太七十多可真不糊涂。在下就叫它“二语悉得论”了。老妈伟大！&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“学得”和“获得”的交锋从表面上看是关于外语是“学习”Learn会的还是通过自然“获得”Acquire实现的之争，但实质上是两条路线的斗争。美国语言学家乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky）在50年代中以“国际语法”首先掀起了革命，冲击了结构语言学的支配地位，再由语言学泰斗克拉申博士(Stephen Krashen)，在七、八十年代将SLA推上了顶峰。从此SLA所向披靡，在与传统派的许多较量中节节获胜，根据地从美国传遍了欧洲和世界。传统势力对老克的仇恨和惧怕使他们用劲各种手段攻击博士本人，甚至反动同盟们还专门建立了一个网站叫作Krashenburn.com。现在已做灰飞湮灭，剩下个别遗老遗少把它搬到了“个人空间”中保存，估都计欠费上不去了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;克拉申所创立的SLA，是当今世界影响最大的语言学理论。尽管他的很多理论至今存在一定争议，但它的先进性，合理性，科学性和革命性是广泛得到认可的。许多目前先进的语言学成果，都是在他的理论基础上发展而来。对他的语言学理论的了解，会让我们用科学武装自己的头脑，对掌握语言的实践有非常重要的指导作用。很遗憾，过去我们中国的同学们几乎很少有听到过他的名字和理论的，甚至连有些外语教学工作者也没听说过他，以至于让许多“土棍”出来混世，这不能不说是我们长期闭门造车的恶果。克拉申的理论朴实无华，深入浅出，初学者一点都不觉得深奥难读。在下到这里当然要介绍克氏的理论。大家读懂后，已经可以成为半个方法专家了，大家之前提出的一些问题，看完就已经能有答案了。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-2332869969660043288?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/2332869969660043288/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=2332869969660043288' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/2332869969660043288'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/2332869969660043288'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/03/blog-post_08.html' title='外语学习的真实方法及误区（转）'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-8024762744412302125</id><published>2011-03-03T12:14:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-03-03T12:14:20.943-08:00</updated><title type='text'>当我老了</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; "&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;&lt;span &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;span &gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;当我老了，不再是原来的我。请理解我，对我有一点耐心。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;&lt;span &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;span &gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;当我把菜汤洒到自己的衣服上时，当我忘记怎样系鞋带时，&lt;wbr&gt;请想一想当初我是如何手把手地教你。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;&lt;span &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;span &gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;当我一遍又一遍地重复你早已听腻的话语，请耐心地听我说，&lt;wbr&gt;不要打断我。你小的时候，我不得不重复那个讲过千百遍的故事，&lt;wbr&gt;直到你进入梦乡。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;&lt;span &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;span &gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;当我需要你帮我洗澡时，请不要责备我。&lt;wbr&gt;还记得小时候我千方百计哄你洗澡的情形吗？&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;&lt;span &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;span &gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;当我对新科技和新事物不知所措时，请不要嘲笑我。&lt;wbr&gt;想一想当初我怎样耐心地回答你的每一个“为什么”。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;&lt;span &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;span &gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;当我由于双腿疲劳而无法行走时，请伸出你年轻有力的手搀扶我。&lt;wbr&gt;就像你小时候学习走路时，我扶你那样。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;&lt;span &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;span &gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;当我忽然忘记我们谈话的主题，请给我一些时间让我回想。&lt;wbr&gt;其实对我来说，谈论什么并不重要，只要你能在一旁听我说，&lt;wbr&gt;我就很满足。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;&lt;span &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;span &gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; "&gt;当你看着老去的我，请不要悲伤。理解我，支持我，&lt;wbr&gt;就像你刚开始学习如何生活时我对你那样。&lt;wbr&gt;当初我引导你走上人生路，如今请陪伴我走完最后的路。&lt;wbr&gt;给我你的爱和耐心，我会报以感激的微笑，&lt;wbr&gt;这微笑中凝结着我对你无限的爱。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div 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title='当我老了'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-674907568521453160</id><published>2011-02-23T18:53:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-23T18:53:45.914-08:00</updated><title type='text'>中美通吃：改良肉夹馍</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun, 细明体, MingLiU; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; "&gt;&lt;h1 style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1.8em; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div id="postmeta" style="float: left; width: 970px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; 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rgb(255, 0, 0); text-decoration: underline; "&gt;查看当前最热讨论主题&lt;img src="http://bbs.wenxuecity.com/images/pms.gif" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="postbody" style="margin-bottom: 15px; float: left; width: 940px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-top: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 15px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 221); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;div id="editmessage" style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;本贴内容已被 [废话多多] 在 2011-02-23 16:58:38 编辑过。如有问题，请报告版主或论坛管理删除.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="inner" style="line-height: 1.4em; "&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;由【废話多多】&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;英谚云：需要是发明之母。十八世纪英国有位伯爵，为三明治四世。这位三明治虽身居英国海军部长要职，却极度的腐败无能。放着好好的伯爵不当，也不说搞点英雄救美的风流逸事来流芳千古，却是出名的京城恶棍，吃喝嫖赌无所不为。某日，三明治在在牌桌上玩的天昏地暗，输了想翻本，翻了本想赢。肚子饿了却舍不得离开牌桌，派侍者去厨房找东西吃。因为怕手上沾了油无法玩牌，伯爵让厨师把烤牛肉夹到两片面包中端出来。其他赌徒一看纷纷跟着学，于是快餐三明治不胫而走。据说三明治的祖爷爷三明治一世曾经想用“普茨茅斯”为爵位名，如果不是他变了主意，我们今天的菜单上就不是鸡肉三明治，而是鸡肉普茨茅斯了。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;无独有偶，战国时代的秦国有位大将白起。白大将军比三明治四世不知出息了多少倍，征战沙场三十余载，所向披靡。当时战国七强，其他六国军队一听说白大将军领兵，不战自退。秦国最后统一中原，白大将军功不可没。据说那时有位尹氏郎中，在西北交通要道旁的驿站卖夹肉的面饼，补贴家用。尹郎中将祖传医术活学活用，炖肉时放了四十多种药材，做出来的馍夹肉大受欢迎，名气一直传到了白起的耳中。白起吃了尹郎中的馍夹肉后，发现此物不仅好吃，好做，而且好带，实为行军打仗之宝。只是“馍夹肉”在陕西（秦国）方言中，与“没夹肉”听起来一样，故而改称“肉夹馍”。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;有时去爬带美国人玩的梯，最头疼的就是带什么菜。此时带菜的基本条件是，第一：既合中国人口味，又合美国人口味。第二：用手抓起来就能吃。第三：不用热，凉着也能吃。肉夹馍完全符合以上三条，只需稍加改良，即可中美通吃。正牌肉夹馍一个下肚，半天不饿。所以改良后的馍变小，要不然人们吃一半，扔一半，白花功夫不说，还暴殄天物。另外，犹太人和穆斯林不吃猪肉，印度人不吃牛肉，夹鸡肉最保险。至于不吃肉的，留两个发面饼不夹肉，美其名曰 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;Flatbreads&lt;span lang="ZH-CN"&gt;。现做现吃的肉夹馍，可以浇大量肉汤，一咬肉汁顺着嘴角往下淌。但放的时间长了馍变得又软又粘。改良后，烧鸡收汤时留一点，冰箱里放一夜，一部分吸到肉里，一部分成了肉冻。夹在馍里肉不干，也不会把馍泡粘。改良后的肉夹馍再加上一个西餐化的名字：&lt;/span&gt;Chicken Sandwich, Chinese Style&lt;span lang="ZH-CN"&gt;，保证食客如云。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;肉 （图一）：实际上就是三杯鸡，不过用鸡大腿来做。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;鸡大腿（&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;chicken thigh&lt;span lang="ZH-CN"&gt;）八块，约三磅。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;植物油两饭勺。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;葱头一个，切丝。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;姜末一饭勺。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;蒜两瓣，切片。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;白糖四分之一杯。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;酱油四分之一杯。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;料酒二分之一杯。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.&lt;span&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;植物油入锅，大火烧至八分热，放葱姜蒜，煎至葱头半透明。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;span&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;将鸡腿有皮的一面朝下放入锅内，大火烧至皮色变黄，盖严锅盖，转小火。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;3.&lt;span&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;小火将鸡腿烧至肉酥离骨，撤火，将鸡汤控出。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;4.&lt;span&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;待鸡腿稍凉，将肉从骨上剥下。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.&lt;span&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;将鸡肉，白糖，酱油，和料酒同时入锅，加半杯鸡汤，开中火收汤，同时用筷子把鸡肉搅成丝。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;6.&lt;span&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;出锅后放入冰箱过夜。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;馍 （图二）：其实就是小发面饼。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;温水一又二分之一杯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;酵母一茶勺（一袋，&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;1&lt;span lang="ZH-CN"&gt;／&lt;/span&gt;4 oz&lt;span lang="ZH-CN"&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;白糖一饭勺&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;标准（&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;all purpose) &lt;span lang="ZH-CN"&gt;面粉四杯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.&lt;span&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;将水把酵母和糖在瓷碗中化开，静置至酵母开始活化，水面出现泡沫（约五分钟）。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;span&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;将活化的酵母与面粉和成团，揉制三到五分钟。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;3.&lt;span&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;面团上盖湿毛巾，室温下静置至体积增大一倍 （约一小时）。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;4.&lt;span&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;烤箱预热至&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;350°F&lt;span lang="ZH-CN"&gt;。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.&lt;span&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;将面团揉制两分钟后，切成二十四份，每份擀成直径为三寸的饼。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;6.&lt;span&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;将饼放入涂了油的烤盘中，入烤箱。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;7.&lt;span&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;五分钟后翻面，再烤五分钟，或至饼面为黄色即成。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;肉夹馍 （图三）：&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.&lt;span&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;将发面饼从中间平着片开，底部仍留一部分相连。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;span&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;将肉夹入饼中。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large; "&gt;肉&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica; line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;img height="600" width="800" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/_2VsFvh487ec/TUhp1Mscw_I/AAAAAAAAAhw/1-DenjxaEkI/s800/DSCN1431.JPG" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large; "&gt;馍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline; "&gt;&lt;img height="600" width="800" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_2VsFvh487ec/TUhp00P636I/AAAAAAAAAeQ/xeNuBWr6ZhQ/s800/DSCN1430.JPG" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large; "&gt;肉夹馍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; "&gt;&lt;span size="4" face="宋体, SimSun, 细明体, MingLiU" style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun, 细明体, MingLiU; font-size: medium; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; "&gt;&lt;span size="3" face="Helvetica" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; "&gt;&lt;img height="600" width="800" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/_2VsFvh487ec/TUhp1RbbtpI/AAAAAAAAAhE/AtguhjgMVHQ/DSCN1435.JPG" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 13px; font-family: 宋体; "&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ZH-CN" style="line-height: 13px; font-family: 宋体; "&gt;我编编，你看看，法律责任我不担。你转帖，我无怨，废话多多拥版权。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 16px; font-family: 宋体; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small; "&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-674907568521453160?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/674907568521453160/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=674907568521453160' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/674907568521453160'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/674907568521453160'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_4257.html' title='中美通吃：改良肉夹馍'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/_2VsFvh487ec/TUhp1Mscw_I/AAAAAAAAAhw/1-DenjxaEkI/s72-c/DSCN1431.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-6526436937168427735</id><published>2011-02-23T18:34:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-23T18:34:42.881-08:00</updated><title type='text'>泰椒脆瓜</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: 14px; word-spacing: -1px; "&gt;&lt;div class="posttitle" style="margin-top: 20px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); "&gt;&lt;div class="postname" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;h2 style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 2px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; text-align: left; text-transform: capitalize; line-height: normal; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="writer" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 4px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; font-size: 11px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;带三个表 @ 2011-02-23 22:49:49 分类: &lt;a href="http://www.wangxiaofeng.net/?cat=2" title="查看 闲扯 的全部文章" rel="category" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "&gt;闲扯&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="entry" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 12px; margin-right: 1px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 1px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Verdana, Arial; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); "&gt;前几天跟橘子去望京吃饭，橘子是杭州人，于是去了一家杭州菜馆，叫“宴稼厨房”。我一向是喜欢杭州菜和杭州姑娘的。以前吃杭州菜，吃完就忘了，因为有些菜做法太复杂，我做不出来。那天我们吃了一道菜，很简单，而且很好吃，名字叫“泰椒脆瓜”。我看了一眼，吃了一口，大概齐就知道是咋回事了。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 12px; margin-right: 1px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 1px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Verdana, Arial; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); "&gt;今天晚上做饭，在菜市场看到了小黄瓜，便想起前几天吃的泰椒脆瓜，买了四根。回家打电话问橘子，这菜怎么做。橘子很郁闷地说：“我做过，都失败了。”然后橘子打电话给餐馆咨询，然后告诉我大概做法。我说：“行，够了。”便开始做。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 12px; margin-right: 1px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 1px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Verdana, Arial; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); "&gt;第一步：做之前要把它洗干净，要养成讲卫生的好习惯，不然你放进嘴里能放心吗？这个……你懂的。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.flutterstudio.com/dundee/picture/h3.jpg" alt="" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 12px; margin-right: 1px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 1px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Verdana, Arial; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); "&gt;第二步：把小黄瓜切成1毫米左右的薄片。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.flutterstudio.com/dundee/picture/h4.jpg" alt="" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 12px; margin-right: 1px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 1px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Verdana, Arial; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); "&gt;第三步：把盐撒在黄瓜片上，然后搅拌均匀，腌制时间要持续一个半小时，时间是长了点，你可要坚持住哦，直到你觉得它快软了，就好了，因为目的为了是把小黄瓜里面的液体弄出来。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.flutterstudio.com/dundee/picture/h9.jpg" alt="" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 12px; margin-right: 1px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 1px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Verdana, Arial; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); "&gt;第四步：在你觉得每一个片片都变得软塌塌的时候，意味着里面的液体都出来了。这时候你要把它放进水里，洗上几遍，把盐水洗干净，不然你吃的时候会觉得咸。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.flutterstudio.com/dundee/picture/h5.jpg" alt="" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 12px; margin-right: 1px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 1px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Verdana, Arial; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); "&gt;第五步：找一片纱布，将黄瓜片包裹起来，使劲挤压揉搓（这个动作你懂的），一定要把里面的液体都挤出来。如果你没有纱布，或者力气不够，可以考虑用洗衣机甩干。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.flutterstudio.com/dundee/picture/h6.jpg" alt="" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; " /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.flutterstudio.com/dundee/picture/h7.jpg" alt="" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; " /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.flutterstudio.com/dundee/picture/h8.jpg" alt="" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 12px; margin-right: 1px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 1px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Verdana, Arial; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); "&gt;第六步：将肥瘦兼顾的肉切成肉丁（肉馅亦可），准备朝天椒三枚，切成4毫米小段，姜片3枚。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.flutterstudio.com/dundee/picture/h2.jpg" alt="" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 12px; margin-right: 1px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 1px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Verdana, Arial; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); "&gt;第七步：将油烧热，把肉丁、姜片、朝天椒倒入锅中爆炒数十秒，然后将只剩下纤维的黄瓜片倒入锅中，翻炒半分钟，放入适量的盐或其他你想放进去的作料，即可食用。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.flutterstudio.com/dundee/picture/h1.jpg" alt="" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 12px; margin-right: 1px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 1px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Verdana, Arial; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); "&gt;第一次做这道菜，味道没的说，但口感比那家饭馆略有差异，主要是油略微多了点，所以你们做的时候尽量少放油，黄瓜本身不吃油；另外，由于我之前太饿了，所以用盐杀水的时间太短，具体时间控制就是用筷子拨弄的时候感觉基本上都软了为标准。这道菜吃的时候口感应该是“黄瓜脆而劲道”。如果你能吃出这个效果，你成功了。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 12px; margin-right: 1px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 1px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Verdana, Arial; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); "&gt;&lt;strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;注意：做这道菜的关键是——要把里面的液体弄出来。不然跟炒黄瓜片没啥区别。&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-6526436937168427735?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/6526436937168427735/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=6526436937168427735' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/6526436937168427735'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/6526436937168427735'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_23.html' title='泰椒脆瓜'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-3652996418940238845</id><published>2011-02-14T14:12:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-14T14:21:17.310-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The Secret to a Happy Marriage: Do the Dishes, Put Out, Don’t Talk So Much ---  By Paula Szuchman</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: 10px; "&gt;&lt;h3 class="byline" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.583em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 8px; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.3em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="mceTemp" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;dl class="wp-caption alignleft caption-alignleft " style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 27px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; float: left; width: 262px; "&gt;&lt;dt class="wp-caption-dt" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;img class="size-full wp-image-5" src="http://s.wsj.net/public/resources/images/PF-AA183_smvale_D_20110211165739.jpg" alt="" width="262" height="174" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; " /&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;This Valentine’s Day, skip the chocolate, lingerie and jewelry. Instead, practice talking less, doing the dishes and putting out. Romantic? Maybe not. The secret to a life of wedded bliss? Quite possibly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;A little background. I just co-wrote a book called “&lt;a href="http://www.spousonomics.com/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(9, 61, 114); text-decoration: none; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(9, 61, 114); border-bottom-style: solid; "&gt;Spousonomics: Using Economics to Master Love, Marriage &amp;amp; Dirty Dishes&lt;/a&gt;,” in which I take some well-established ideas from the dismal science and use them to show couples how they can improve their marriages. One of the first things people say when they hear about the book is something to the effect of, “Isn’t that kind of unromantic?” Well, yeah. But what’s romantic about dishes, laundry, diapers, bills, mortgages, in-laws, TiVo, company picnics, circular arguments, BlackBerries, hamsters, PTA meetings, and all the million other little things that go into a marriage and detract from the actual romance between two people who once loved each other so much they decided to keep each other company for the rest of their lives?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;All that stuff is the business side of marriage, and to navigate it successfully, you don’t need chocolate hearts. You need sound reasoning. You need to be practical and efficient. You need to allocate your scarce resources wisely and make smart trade-offs, so that at the end of the day, you can enjoy the company of that person you promised to have and to hold until death (death!) do you part.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;Herewith, five somewhat regressive, not very romantic, yet extremely effective lessons from economics for a happy marriage with long-term prospects:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Talk less.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;Well okay, talk all you want about your dreams, ambitions and Egypt’s future. But when it comes to nagging reminders about what your spouse still has to do after a long day working for the man—take out the recycling, walk the dog, write a thank-you letter, defrost the chicken, fix the stereo—keep a lid on it. Economists talk about “information processing costs,” or the costs incurred from processing, absorbing and filtering information. When information processing costs get too high, we tend to become paralyzed. Like when we get to the kitchen-cabinet department at IKEA, and we’re so overwhelmed that we decide to skip the whole thing and just have a plate of meatballs at the café then head home for a nap.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;Overloading your spouse with what you consider to be perfectly valid information is a bad idea. &lt;b&gt;One thing at a time, friends, and the most important thing first. Same rule applies when you’re arguing. Stick to the point—he didn’t call to say he was running late—and don’t tick off the long list of sins he’s committed since last Tuesday.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Lose weight.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;Married people exercise less than single people do. I know this because married couples have told me so—56% of people we surveyed said they gained weight after they got married. Everyone has their excuses: They’re too busy with their demanding jobs, too exhausted by their demanding children, too lazy to get off their demanding couches. But the real reason is moral hazard, or the tendency to take more risks and behave more irresponsibly when there are no consequences. Moral hazard is one reason the country’s biggest financial firms bet the house on subprime mortgages—they knew if worse came to worst, Uncle Sam would be there to bail them out.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;Similarly, why bother working out and staying fit when you’ve already snagged your man—or woman—and you’ve got a license from the state to prove it? After I got married, one of my single friends told me I was lucky because I didn’t have to go to the gym anymore. I was no longer “posin’ to be chosen.”&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;So go ahead, challenge your own moral hazard and try losing that post-marriage weight. While you’re at it, don’t wear sweatpants around the house all the time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Do the dishes.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;Here’s where I’m really going to get skewered by my sisters for setting women back 50 years: Do the dishes because you just might be better at them, and faster, and less likely than your spouse is to leave them out overnight. You might think a 50/50 marriage is the way to go, but if you’re like so many other couples in the year 2011, your quest for egalitarianism means you’re more likely to pick a fight when you sense things are getting into the 60/40 range—or worse.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;Better to have a system where each of you specializes in what you do best, relative to other chores. It’s a system based on the notion of comparative advantage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, which (as every Wall Street Journal reader knows) is the foundation of free trade. And what’s marriage, if not a union between two trading partners? &lt;b&gt;So if you really are better at the dishes than remembering to call the in-laws, then that should be your job. It’ll take you less time than it’ll take him, and it’ll take him less time to have a quick chat with mom than it would take you, which means in the end, you’ve saved quite a bit of collective time. &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;Use that time for fun stuff, like, for example, sex.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Put out&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;Which brings me to my fourth point: Put out. I know, it seem ridiculous to tell married people they should have sex (with each other)—b&lt;b&gt;ut then why do so many people seem to forget this is a key part of the job of being married?&lt;/b&gt; Some 54% of married people, according to our research, wish they were having more sex, and the people who are doing it more also report being happier in their relationships. Not saying one causes the other, but there’s a definite correlation, for what it’s worth. The #1 reason people say they don’t do it more: They’re too tired.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;The only solution to this problem is to wake up and do the job—the same way you wake up every morning and go to your actual job. No reason why you can do one and not the other. In “Spousonomics,”&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt; we suggest people lower the costs of having sex in order to up demand. Keep it simple, fast and fun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;Some people even say the more they get in the habit of doing it, the more they want to do it. Kind of like flossing.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Scheme&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;And finally, start scheming, or thinking strategically. &lt;b&gt;Being strategic might sound cold and calculating, but it’s something you probably already do with your spouse, whether you admit it or not. &lt;/b&gt;For example, if your friends invite you for a weekend away, no spouses, and you want to go, you naturally start thinking about how you can make this happen with minimal fuss, what you can offer your spouse in return, how to bring it up, when to bring it up, and what type of flowers to present as graft when you’re in the midst of bringing it up.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 8px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5em; display: block; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;Thinking ahead, learning from past experience, putting yourself in your spouse’s shoes—these are all strategies straight from the game-theory playbook (game theory being the study of behavior in strategic situations). In fact, if you think like a game theorist, you’ll find that marriage is really just a two-person repeated game. In the game, each person is trying to achieve the best results possible, given the limitations that there’s another person involved. Think of that other person and you’re being strategic. You’re also being pretty romantic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-3652996418940238845?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/3652996418940238845/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=3652996418940238845' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/3652996418940238845'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/3652996418940238845'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/02/secret-to-happy-marriage-do-dishes-put.html' title='The Secret to a Happy Marriage: Do the Dishes, Put Out, Don’t Talk So Much ---  By Paula Szuchman'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-1232675873724565161</id><published>2011-02-02T12:15:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-02T12:24:40.846-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The Post of the Year 2011: Understanding Markets: Nature not Naivety or Narcissism</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20px; "&gt;&lt;h3 class="entry-header" style="font-weight: bold; margin-top: 1px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; font-weight: normal; "&gt;&lt;em&gt;if let me choose one post for the year 2011. this is it!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3 class="entry-header" style="font-weight: bold; margin-top: 1px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; font-weight: normal; "&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3 class="entry-header" style="font-weight: bold; margin-top: 1px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; font-weight: normal; "&gt;&lt;em&gt;The post was originally published at &lt;a title="The Financial Philosopher: &amp;quot;Understanding Markets: Nature not Naivety or Narcissism&amp;quot;" href="http://www.thefinancialphilosopher.com/2011/02/understanding-markets-nature-not-naivety-or-narcissism.html" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 204); text-decoration: none; "&gt;The Financial Philosopher&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; font-weight: normal; "&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="entry-content" style="position: static; clear: both; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;div class="entry-body" style="clear: both; "&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://financialphilosopher.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c3e6353ef0148c8429446970c-pi" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 100, 149); float: left; "&gt;&lt;img alt="Chaos_movement_teddybear" class="asset  asset-image at-xid-6a00d8341c3e6353ef0148c8429446970c" src="http://financialphilosopher.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c3e6353ef0148c8429446970c-250wi" title="Chaos_movement_teddybear" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; width: 240px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;"It's quite true what philosophy says, that life must be understood backwards.  But one then forgets the other principle, that it must be lived forwards.  A principle which, the more one thinks it through, precisely leads to the conclusion that life in time can never be properly understood, just because no moment can acquire the complete stillness needed to orient oneself backward."&lt;/strong&gt; ~ Soren Kierkegaard&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: small; "&gt;Man is a perpetual naïve scientist: Formal scientific methodologies generally involve Describing, Explaining, Predicting and Controlling, which are all extensions of everyday human behavior. The naivety in this regard, as associated with financial markets, is financial market participants believe that by describing and explaining the past with empirical evidence, they will be given the capacity to predict and control the future.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;Additionally, this empirical evidence is often compiled haplessly and contained within a certain bias to a desired result. Although completely within in the bounds of human nature, this naivety is surely among the greatest of man's arrogance and foolish behavior.  This is not to say that science is required for financial success but rather a suggestion that a good scientist is almost always preferable to a bad one.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: small; "&gt;Describing and explaining is integral to understanding or, at a minimum, a means of satisfying simple curiosity; and predicting is often perilous but can be done prudently; however the &lt;em&gt;controlling&lt;/em&gt;aspect is almost always tragic. Because man is so engulfed with the desire for knowledge (of things past and of things future) there is no ability to see himself as he is now.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;"Faced with the choice between changing one's mind and proving there is no need to do so, almost everyone gets busy on the proof."&lt;/strong&gt; ~ John Kenneth Galbraith&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: small; "&gt;Last week's 662-page &lt;a href="http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2011/01/the-financial-crisis-inquiry-report/" target="_self" title="The Big Picture: Financial Crisis Inquiry Report" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 100, 149); "&gt;Financial Crisis Inquiry Report&lt;/a&gt;, for example, is almost useless; however it is one of the only predictable aspects of the entire financial crisis: Humans, to satisfy their desire for control and for narcissistic display of knowledge, will perpetually look to the past and wonder how things could have gone so wrong, then will proceed to rationalizing the event into a means of controlling (preventing) a similar event in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;Studying the past, for the purpose of preventing the tragedies from reoccurring again in the future, may be responsible and even noble but it is inevitable that other similar tragedies will occur. Just as sure as one can be that there will be more hurricanes, famines and wars in the world, there will be another market meltdown in the not-too-distant future. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;How might we prevent it? We cannot and we must not; because the nature of financial markets is a part of nature itself--human nature--and there is no prevention: There is only observation, postulation and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt; acceptance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13pt; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reason or Rhyme?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;As Mark Twain said, “History does not repeat itself, but it does rhyme.” I suppose one may argue that studying a problem of history, and understanding it, is a prudent means of preventing the event from occurring again; however the moment the study of a problem begins, the same problem is manifesting itself into a different form, destined to reoccur. Because we naively search for the reasons, and even if we find them, we miss the rhymes. In fact, we have quite the paradox: It is a mistake to say that a natural occurrence is a mistake. Nothing attributed to nature is a mistake; it may be random; but randomness and chaos are natural parts of order and therefore should be accepted and even embraced. Fires replenish the forest; death is necessary for the continuance of life; and great recessions are necessary for great progressions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;strong&gt;'I have done that', says my memory. 'I cannot have done that', says my pride, and remains inexorable. Eventually--memory yields.&lt;/strong&gt; ~ Friedrich Nietzsche&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;The foolishness of man is a part of the nature of man; therefore foolishness is a necessary function of the overall social organism that is our financial markets. We can describe and explain what has already occurred; but thinking we can predict and control nature in the future is no different than thinking there is only one word that rhymes with blue.&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt; The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, and the thousands of books, periodical articles and Internet postings describing and explaining the causes of the recent financial meltdown, go a long way to satisfy our curiosity and desire for knowledge; however they will not provide a meaningful degree of prediction and control capacity, in my humble opinion, to make the intentions truly worthy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;Your humble author, however, will not suggest that the attempt of describing, explaining, predicting and controlling is wrong, no matter how foolish it may appear. Alas, it is natural. Let men be fools because that is part of their (our) nature.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;strong&gt;"Wall Street never changes, the pockets change, the suckers change, the stocks change, but Wall Street never changes, because human nature never changes."&lt;/strong&gt; ~ Jesse Livermore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;I will end by stating that the observations in this post point to a conclusion that is one part humorous, one part frustration and two parts cynicism: All of the complaining we do about the “idiots in Washington” or “the fools at the Fed” or the "folly of herd behavior" is simply a complaint about the human race itself. Complaining about human nature yesterday and today, and expecting a different outcome tomorrow, is no more wise than banging one's figurative head against the metaphorical wall of human nature. It is a naïve view of man to expect man not to be naïve.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13pt; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shrugs and Dogs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;As difficult as it may be, let the federal government and mass media do what they do, which is to spend a ridiculous amount of time and energy attempting to justify their respective existence by providing information for the consumption of the knowledge-hungry masses. If one wishes to be wise, however, one will acknowledge one's own ignorance, observe the herd from a distance, and perhaps shrug in amusement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;In summary, the cause of the financial crisis was not Wall Street, Congress, the Community Reinvestment Act, George W. Bush, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, or Alan Greenspan. It was all of them and all of us collectively. It was the social organism that is the financial markets; it was human nature. Good judgment and wise men do exist; but all humans will continue to make self-serving and foolish choices; it has been this way since the beginning of time; and human nature will never change.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;I think I’ll stop writing now and go spend the afternoon with my dog.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-1232675873724565161?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/1232675873724565161/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=1232675873724565161' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/1232675873724565161'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/1232675873724565161'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/02/post-of-year-2011-understanding-markets.html' title='The Post of the Year 2011: Understanding Markets: Nature not Naivety or Narcissism'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-6352742458532636233</id><published>2011-02-01T18:36:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-01T18:36:56.951-08:00</updated><title type='text'>分子美食学——如何做出美味的红烧肉？</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(61, 61, 61); font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; "&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;&lt;strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;作者：hongkuan15&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://songshuhui.net/archives/49595/redcooked-pork-300x217" rel="attachment wp-att-49599" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(227, 136, 28); outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;img src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/redcooked-pork-300x217.jpg" alt="" title="redcooked-pork-300x217" width="230" height="166" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-49599" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;红烧肉肥而不腻，香味十足。尤其是夹在馒头里咬一口，那叫一个好吃！美味的红烧肉是怎么做出来的呢？据说现在不同地方，不同人，做法各有不同。流派上有南北之分，还有像毛氏红烧肉这种私家做法。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;先从做红烧肉的“器”说起，以我爸为代表的老一辈爱用砂锅，炖的时间比较久，一般得等上几个小时才做好。年青一代如我的朋友SCI，生活节奏快，图省事，则喜欢用高压锅先炖，再放在火上大火收汁。虽然砂锅略入味一些，从节能环保的角度分析，我还是选择高压锅。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;在做红烧肉的过程中，有两道关键工序，能够影响肉的口感和香味。第一道工序关键在先用油炸还是先用水焯。第二道工序关键在炖的过程中加盐还是最后加盐。究竟哪种方式做出的红烧肉更美味呢？且让我慢慢分析分析。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 class="orangebg" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 3px; padding-right: 8px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 8px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; width: 473px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 166, 79); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;先用油炸还是先用水焯？&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;我们先来了解红烧肉所用的原材料是什么，又有什么特点。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;先说说主料五花肉，五花肉是几层瘦肉和肥肉组成的红白相间的猪肚子上的肉，通常带猪皮。生物学的角度看，五花肉由表皮、脂肪层和肌肉组成。表皮也就是猪皮，主要是约占85%的胶原蛋白组成，其次为弹性蛋白。猪皮可用来生产“明胶”。脂肪层几乎都是脂肪细胞，此外也含有一些人体需要的卵磷脂和胆固醇。肌肉由肌肉组织构成，主要成分也是蛋白质，但和猪皮的蛋白质组成有些不同。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;其他原料还包括白糖或冰糖，葱、姜、蒜、八角、大料等调料。这些原料的主要作用是增加肉的香味，去除肉的腥味。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;原料有了，红烧肉的香味是怎么产生的呢？&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;生肉原本是没有多少香味的（当然这只是对于人类而言。对于食肉动物，生肉已经挺香的了），只有在加热时才会香味四溢。这是因为在加热过程中，肉内各种成分发生了一系列复杂的变化，产生了一些挥发性香味物质。在加热过程中，瘦肉组织赋予肉类香味，而脂肪组织赋予肉制品特有风味，如果从各种肉中除去脂肪，则肉之香味是几乎是一致的，没有大的差别。所以说做肉时若没有瘦肉，或者瘦肉太少，也不会很香。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;目前鉴定出的肉类挥发性成分大概有1000多种，主要包括Ｎ-Ｓ-Ｏ-杂环化合物和其他含硫成分，包括呋喃、吡咯、噻吩、咪唑、吡啶和环乙烯硫醚等低分子量前体物质。其中吡嗪是主要的挥发性物质。生成这些物质的前体物质主要是水溶性的糖类和含氨基酸化合物以及磷脂和三甘酯等类脂物质。糖类、氨基酸类、脂类通过降解产生肉香味。同时，核糖核苷酸类、核糖—5’—磷酸酯、甲基呋喃醇酮通过硫化氢反应也产生肉香味。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;说到这些复杂的变化过程，不得不提一个非常经典的化学反应——美拉德反应。由法国化学家L.C.Maillard在 1912年提出的美拉德反应，又称“非酶棕色化反应”，几乎存在于各类食品加工中。这种非酶褐变是羰基化合物（还原糖类，如葡萄糖和木糖）与氨基化合物（氨基酸和蛋白质）间的反应。由于经过复杂的历程，最终生成物是棕色甚至是黑色的大分子物质类黑精或称拟黑素，所以又称羰胺反应。常见的如面包外皮的金黄色、红烧肉的褐色及浓郁的香味，油炸食品的红褐色等等，很大程度上都是美拉德反应的结果。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;在做红烧肉时，瘦肉、脂肪再加上糖，正符合美拉德反应的条件。经过美拉德反应，红烧肉就有了其特有的香味。可是问题又来了，既然上面说的各种做法都能发生美拉德反应，哪种做法做出来的更香呢？这就要看哪种做法引起的美拉德反应更多，更充分了。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;&lt;strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;影响美拉德反应的因素包括：&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;1、糖氨基结构。还原糖是美拉德反应的主要物质。五碳糖褐变速度是六碳糖的10倍，还原性单糖中，五碳糖褐变速度排序为：核糖&gt;阿拉伯糖&gt;木糖，六碳糖则是：半乳糖&gt;甘露糖&gt;葡萄糖。还原性双糖分子量大，反应速度也慢。在羰基化合物中，α-乙烯醛褐变最慢，其次是α- 双糖基化合物，酮类最慢。胺类褐变速度快于氨基酸。在氨基酸中，碱性氨基酸速度慢，氨基酸又比蛋白质慢。 因此，肉的品质和加入的糖，决定了发生美拉德反应的速度。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;2 、温度。20～25℃氧化条件下即可发生美拉德反应。一般每相差10℃，反应速度相差3～5倍。30℃以上速度加快。高于80℃时，反应速度受温度和氧气影响小。通常加工食品的温度要高于80℃，如炖肉的温度100℃左右，烤面包的温度约在150-250℃。高温有助于发生美拉德反应，可以推测，油炸要比水煮更容易发生反应。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;3、水份。水份含量在10%～15%时，反应易发生，完全干燥的食品难以发生。可见油炸不要太过，炸干了也不是好事。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;4、ｐＨ值。也就是酸碱度。当ｐＨ值在3以上时，反应随ｐＨ值增加而加快。ｐＨ大于7时，由于反应速度较快而难以控制，且风味也较差。pH值跟用的水和加的调料有关系，这也许能解释为什么有些地方的水做出的食品味道比其他地方的要好。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;通过以上分析，我们可以得出结论，通过油炸的方法要比水抄的方法要好一些，但是油炸过程要短一些，不要炸的太干。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 class="orangebg" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 3px; padding-right: 8px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 8px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; width: 473px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 166, 79); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;先放盐还是后放盐？&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://songshuhui.net/archives/49595/slat" rel="attachment wp-att-49600" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(227, 136, 28); outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;img src="http://songshuhui.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/slat.jpg" alt="" title="盐" width="230" height="292" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-49600" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: left; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;要回答这个问题，我们需要知道盐的作用是什么。盐（NaCl）是做饭时必用的调味料，但它又绝不仅只是调味料，还能维持人体的渗透压的平衡和其它的生理需求。什么是渗透压？水分从水势高的系统通过半透膜向水势低的系统移动的现象，就称为渗透作用(osmosis)。渗透压就是发生渗透作用的水势差。渗透压越大，渗透作用越快。在做红烧肉时，盐的作用之一就是调节渗透压。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;做红烧肉时，汤的水势和肉细胞内的水势形成水势差，会发生渗透作用。要么汤里的水进入细胞，要么细胞里的水出来进入汤里（平衡的水势也有可能）。如果开始时不放盐，肉细胞内拥有更高的渗透压，水分子会自动地进入肉细胞内。进入的水多了，细胞膜承受不了就涨破了。细胞破裂，内容物释放，肉的味道就更浓。这就是为什么一般煨肉汤时开始不放盐，最后放盐，这样肉的原味才能出来，汤才能更鲜。倘若开始时放盐，汤里的渗透压要高，肉细胞会出水，但出的只是水，其他的成分还保留在了肉里。这样容易导致肉发柴，口感和味道不好。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;这样看来好像最后加盐比较好。其实也未必，做红烧肉不比做汤，做汤喝的重点是汤的鲜香，红烧肉吃的是肉。因此肉里必须要进味，也就是要有NaCl 进入肉里，这肉才香。那似乎该先放盐，但是先放盐细胞又容易出水，怎么办呢？有些地方在做之前先用水焯一下，这就巧妙的解决了这个问题。用水一焯其实就破坏了肉细胞，细胞破了，再做时就更容易入味。此外，如果开始时放盐，可以抑制剩余的肉细胞破裂，保留肉的味道–尽管会跑出水分子。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;综合考虑，做红烧肉时在中间加盐比较好，也就是先对肉进行初步处理之后再加盐。对肉的处理有油炸和水焯，两种方法都可以做出美味的红烧肉。水焯能使外部细胞破裂，有助于入味；油炸有助于启动美拉德反应，外部形成保护层防止内部的失水，让肉更嫩。因此，美味的关键其实是火候。油炸的时间不宜太长，水焯的时间则不宜太短。此外，放盐的量也很关键。要达到合适的渗透压，既能入味，又能保护肉细胞的原味。美味的红烧肉还跟水质，调料等有关系，总之，做一道美味的红烧肉并不容易，需要经验和技巧。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;希望本文能为喜欢美食的朋友们提供一个科学的参考。有兴趣的不妨自己动手试试，比较一下究竟哪种方法做的红烧肉更美味。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;附菜谱以飨看到这里口水直流的朋友们。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 class="orangebg" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 3px; padding-right: 8px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 8px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; width: 473px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 166, 79); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;经典红烧肉做法：&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;1、把五花肉（瘦肉和肥肉层叠状的，最好带皮）洗净切方块，2厘米见方。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;2、锅里放油（多放点），热后放入糖（白糖，冰糖都可）一勺（可多放点），炒到糊为止（俗称焦糖。这时候锅里应该在冒浓烟，别怕）。或者先在开水里焯5分钟捞出来，去腥臊味，去浮沫！（秘方：加些白酒最好！）。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;3、倒入切好的肉和调料（厚片的姜、成瓣（不要弄碎）的蒜头、桂皮、干辣椒、八角、橙子皮（非陈皮）），大火爆炒三分钟，这时肉变成了深红色。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;4、加入盐适量、老抽一勺、醋1/5勺、糖半勺、料酒两勺、鸡精半勺、清汤（冷水也可）至淹没肉3毫米，大火煮沸（开始冒香味了）。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;5、倒入炖锅小火熬1个半小时，此时汤应很少且呈粘稠状（如果汤太多可大火收汤，但要站在旁边看着），加入青椒（不是很肥的那种灯笼椒），可加点香菜，然后尝一下咸淡，再炖3分钟。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;&lt;em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;科学编辑：云无心、 沐右 文字编辑：游识猷&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="editornote" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 20px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: dotted; border-right-style: dotted; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-left-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(205, 205, 205); border-right-color: rgb(205, 205, 205); border-bottom-color: rgb(205, 205, 205); border-left-color: rgb(205, 205, 205); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8em; "&gt;编者按：本篇是来自松鼠会论坛的外部投稿。科学松鼠会非常欢迎自然科学相关的各种科普投稿。我们将会在审稿后择优发表。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-6352742458532636233?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/6352742458532636233/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=6352742458532636233' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/6352742458532636233'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/6352742458532636233'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post.html' title='分子美食学——如何做出美味的红烧肉？'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-9120508837713165314</id><published>2011-02-01T11:44:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-01T11:47:29.118-08:00</updated><title type='text'>硅谷女工程师办华人婚嫁网站，news into Wall Street Journal now...</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;http://onespot.wsj.com/technology/2011/01/31/69bec/2redbeans-is-a-jdate-for-chinese&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2RedBeans Is A JDate For Chinese-Americans&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(Posted on  TechCrunch at Mon, Jan 31, 2011 at 08:02PM)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The success of JDate, an online dating service aimed towards matching Jewish singles, has proven dating sites for niche religious or cultural groups can actually work. Today, 2RedBeans, a graduate of the Founder Institute, has launched a dating site exclusively focused on matching Chinese-Americans. (visit source article)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;硅谷华裔工程师办华人婚嫁网站 帮华人找真爱&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2011年01月10日 19:09 来源：中新社 【大 中 小】&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; "&gt;&lt;div class="time" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 20px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://photo.usqiaobao.com/2011-01/10/content_704551.htm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt;&lt;img src="http://ui.sina.com/assets/img/weibo/chinapress_101014.gif" class="xlwb" title="转发到新浪微博" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 20px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="con con001" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; text-align: left; font-size: 14px; "&gt;&lt;div id="zoom" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;p align="center" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 25px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img id="629991" title="" border="0" align="center" src="http://photo.usqiaobao.com/attachement/jpg/site2/20110111/001e4fda82280e960fd707.jpg" sourcename="本地文件" sourcedescription="编辑提供的本地文件" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; width: 500px; height: 318px; " /&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;center&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; "&gt;图为“两颗红豆”的工作人员穿着“我要嫁人”的醒目T恤。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;图为“两颗红豆”的工作人员穿着“我要嫁人”的醒目T恤。（中新社）&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;    【侨报网讯】有感于硅谷华人单身男女太多，两位华裔工程师施心晨和赵清华去年6月共同创办在美华人交友婚嫁网站“两颗红豆”，定期举办活动，为希望寻找真爱成家的青年人提供一个互动平台。&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/14633443-9120508837713165314?l=unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/feeds/9120508837713165314/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=14633443&amp;postID=9120508837713165314' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/9120508837713165314'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/14633443/posts/default/9120508837713165314'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://unitedstatesofearthbycozec.blogspot.com/2011/02/news-into-wall-street-journal-now.html' title='硅谷女工程师办华人婚嫁网站，news into Wall Street Journal now...'/><author><name>三天打鱼两天打网</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09736776161973734985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14633443.post-1564319557916386366</id><published>2011-01-24T12:28:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-24T12:28:38.502-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Google Search Trends Suggest Real Estate Not Yet at Bottom</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); 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text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;a class="url fn n" href="http://seattlebubble.com/blog/the-tim" title="View The Tim's Profile" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 11px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(16, 99, 152); font-style: normal; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;The Tim&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="byline-prep byline-prep-published text" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 11px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;on&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="published" title="Friday, January 15th, 2010, 9:23 am" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 11px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;January 15, 2010&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="meta-sep meta-sep-comments separator" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 11px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;|&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a class="comments-link" href="http://seattlebubble.com/blog/2010/01/15/google-search-trends-suggest-real-estate-not-yet-at-bottom/#comments" title="Comment on Google Search Trends Suggest Real Estate Not Yet at Bottom" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 11px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(16, 99, 152); font-style: normal; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;89 Responses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="entry-content entry" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 13px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 13px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;A couple of readers alerted me to an interesting feature that has been added sometime recently to Google’s financial tools, the &lt;a href="http://www.google.com/finance?q=GOOGLEINDEX_US:RLEST" title="Google Real Estate Index" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 13px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(51, 102, 153); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Google Real Estate Index&lt;/a&gt;. Obviously like most of the statistics provided by Google, this index tracks searches. Here is their description:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 13px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; quotes: none; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; height: 136px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 5px; border-left-color: rgb(9, 55, 84); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 13px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;The Google Real Estate Index tracks queries related to “real estate, mortgage, rent, apartments” and so forth. To see more details on the queries that make up this index, visit &lt;a href="http://www.google.com/insights/search/#cat=96&amp;amp;geo=US&amp;amp;cmpt=q" title="Google Insights for Search" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 13px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(51, 102, 153); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Google Insights for Search&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 13px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;The index is set to 1.0 on January 1, 2004 and is calculated and displayed below as a 7-day moving average. The index is currently calculated only for US search traffic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 13px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Since they provide the ability to download the underlying raw index data, I thought it might be interesting to compare this index with the Case-Shiller 20-city home price index. Here’s a plot of the two, both re-indexed to January 2005 = 100:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: auto; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; width: 600px; text-align: center; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://seattlebubble.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Google-REI-Case-Shiller_2010-01.png" title="" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 10px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(51, 102, 153); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;img src="http://seattlebubble.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Google-REI-Case-Shiller_2010-01-600x435.png" title=" - Click to enlarge" alt="" width="600" height="435" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 10px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 13px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;There definitely seems to be some similar behavior between the two there. This could be interesting, since the Google REI is updated every week, while we have to wait months for the Case-Shiller data. It is also worth noting that unlike some other measures of the real estate market, Google’s REI in 2009 did not manage to beat 2008, and continues to mark new seasonal lows as of the most recent data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 13px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Here’s a look at the YOY change in both indices since 2005:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: auto; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; width: 600px; text-align: center; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://seattlebubble.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Google-REI-Case-Shiller-YOY_2010-01.png" title="" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 10px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(51, 102, 153); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;img src="http://seattlebubble.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Google-REI-Case-Shiller-YOY_2010-01-600x435.png" title=" - Click to enlarge" alt="" width="600" height="435" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 10px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 600px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 13px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;They both went firmly negative around the same time, in early 2007, and hit their lowest points in late 2008 / early 2009 at nearly -20%. Both have recovered somewhat, but the latest reading for the Google REI dropped back down to nearly =15% again.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 13px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Finally, here’s a look at the two indices again re-indexed to January 2005 = 100, but looking at the Google REI as a 12-month rolling average to smooth out the strong seasonal effects:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: auto; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 0.8em; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; width: 600px; text-align: center; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://seattlebubble.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Google-REI-Case-Shiller-avg_2010-01.png" title="" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 10px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(51, 102, 153); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;img src="http://seattlebubble.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Google-REI-Case-Shiller-avg_2010-01-600x435.png" title=" - Click to enlarge" alt="" width="600" height="435" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 10px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; border-top-style: none; border-right-style
